The study identifies various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- strains, including aac(3)-IV, bla TEM-1, cmlA1, aadA1, aadA2, strA, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), and dfrA12, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study developed hygromycin B and apramycin resistance cassettes for use in Campylobacter jejuni, enabling gene deletion, replacement, and expression studies. The aph(7") gene confers resistance to hygromycin B, while aac(3)IV confers resistance to apramycin.

The study identified a diversity of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, including aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, and aac(3)-IV, which contributed to varying levels of resistance to aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, tobramycin, and plazomicin.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from diarrheic calves in Iran, including aadA1, sul1, aac[3]-IV, dfrA1, tetA, and tetB, which confer resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamide, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in the multidrug-resistant E. coli strain 912, including aac(3)-IV, blaTEM-1, sul2, aph(4), tet(X), and strA/B, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, apramycin, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and streptomycin.

The study found that ESBL-plasmid carriage does not reduce fitness but enhances virulence in some strains of pandemic E. coli lineages. It identified several AMR genes on the ESBL-plasmids, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-14), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetR), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA, aac(6')-Ib-cr), chloramphenicol resistance gene (catB4), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul2), streptomycin resistance genes (strA, strB), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dhfrVII, dfrA17), and aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene (aph(3')-Ia). Non-antibiotic resistance genes such as finO, traT, icc, yfaX, yihA, and hha were also identified.

The study identified 65 unique resistance genes in nontyphoidal Salmonella, including bla CTX-M1 and bla SHV2a, which were first reported in retail meat isolates in the United States. The research highlights the effectiveness of whole-genome sequencing in detecting antimicrobial resistance genes and correlating them with phenotypic resistance.

The study presents a rapid colorimetric test for detecting multiple aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, focusing on the identification of 16S rRNA methylases (armA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtF, rmtG, npmA) and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-Ia, aac(3)-V, aph(3')-I, aph(3')-Ib, ant(2'')).

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant, heat-resistant E. coli strain FAM21845, including beta-lactamase blaTEM-1, aminoglycoside resistance genes strA, strB, aadA1, aph(3')-Ic, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IVa, sulfonamide resistance gene sul1, trimethoprim resistance gene dfrA1, tetracycline resistance gene tet(B), disinfectant resistance gene qacEΔ1, and biofilm-related genes mrkABCDF. Additionally, the strain carried genes for resistance to arsenic, silver, and copper.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in XDR K. pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC−2, rmtB, aac(6′)-Ib, APH(3′)-Ia, AAC(3)-IV, qnrS, qnrB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, bla CTX−M−14, bla CTX−M−65, bla SHV−11, bla TEM, bla CMY, bla DHA−1, gyrA, and parC, which contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from raw meat, including blaCMY, tet(A), and sul1, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides, respectively.

The study demonstrates the feasibility of rapid nanopore sequencing for detecting plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in clinical isolates. It identifies several AMR genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, and phenicol resistance genes, in both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from children with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and healthy controls, highlighting differences in resistance profiles between groups.

The study identified aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-IV, ant(2" )-Ia, and aph(3')-Ia as the most common aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates, which conferred resistance to various aminoglycosides.

The study identified a high prevalence of CTX-M-15-type ESBL-producing E. coli in migratory avian species in Pakistan, highlighting the role of wild birds as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the potential for horizontal gene transfer of resistance determinants.

The study identifies and characterizes several AMR genes in E. coli, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, ampC), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aac(3')-Ia, aac(3')-VI), dihydrofolate reductases (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA15), quinolone resistance proteins (qnrB2, qnrB6, qnrS2), and others. These genes were validated through computational and wet lab methods, showing their roles in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in pathogenic E. coli isolates from broiler chickens in Egypt, including CITM, ere, aac(3)-(IV), tet(A), tet(B), dfr(A1), and aad(A1). These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in poultry.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Riemerella anatipestifer, including aac(6')-Ib, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac(3')-IIc, aac(3')-IV, aph(3')-VII, aph(2')-Ib, bla TEM, bla OXA, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, sul3, cat2, cmlA, floR, emrF, qnrS, and qnrD. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified tetracycline (tet(A)), chloramphenicol (cml(A)), and gentamicin (aac(3)-IV) resistance genes in E. coli isolates from milk in central Ethiopia, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from Brazil, including qnrE1, qnrB19, qnrS1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-8, blaCMY-2, aadA1, aadA2, aac(3)-IVa, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib, floR, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), strA, strB, drfA1, inu(F), qacEdelta1, and fosA7. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, macrolides, quaternary ammonium compounds, and fosfomycin.

The study analyzed 515 E. coli isolates from pigs using whole genome sequencing to identify AMR genes and mutations. Key findings include the prevalence of blaTEM-1b, tet(A), and tetA(B) genes, along with various mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones. The study highlights the effectiveness of WGS in predicting AMR phenotypes with high concordance to MIC results.

The study identifies several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from German surface waters, highlighting the presence of clinically relevant resistance mechanisms such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, mcr-1, and others.

The study identifies several AMR genes in E. coli isolates, including tet(A), tet(B), blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA, aac(3)-II, aac(3)-IV, aadA, and strA-strB, which confer resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, cefoxitin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and streptomycin.

The study found that apramycin shows potent in vitro activity against carbapenem-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including those resistant to amikacin or gentamicin. The aac(3)-IV gene was identified as a key determinant of apramycin resistance in one CR-non-hvKp isolate.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including blaNDM-5, mcr-1, tetA, mdfA, oqxAB, arr-2, aph(4), aac(3)-IV, and fosA3, which are associated with resistance to various antibiotics. These genes were found in a multidrug-resistant E. coli isolate and were shown to be targeted by the antibiotic adjuvant SLAP-S25, enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics against MDR Gram-negative pathogens.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in MDR E. coli strains from captive wild animals, highlighting the presence of CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-65 beta-lactamases, along with various other resistance mechanisms such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, as well as mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in MDR E. coli strains from captive wild animals, highlighting the presence of CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-65 beta-lactamases, along with various other resistance mechanisms such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, as well as mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identified several AMR genes associated with different antimicrobial classes in swine fecal samples from farms with varying antimicrobial usage levels. These genes included beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, macrolide resistance markers, polymyxin resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, and trimethoprim resistance genes.

The study developed an optimized NGS-based workflow for plasmid reconstruction, enabling the identification of AMR genes such as mcr-1.1, blaTEM-1B, and others, which are critical for understanding the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identifies aac(3)-IV as the primary gene responsible for apramycin resistance, demonstrating its role in conferring resistance to multiple aminoglycosides. It also highlights the structural basis of substrate promiscuity in AAC(3)-IV through site-directed mutagenesis.

The report highlights the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria, focusing on Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli. It notes high resistance levels to ampicillin, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines in Salmonella and E. coli isolates, along with rising resistance to fluoroquinolones in certain serovars. Carbapenemase-producing E. coli and Salmonella were rarely detected.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.1, in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from pigs with postweaning diarrhea in China.

The GPAHex platform enables the heterologous expression and discovery of novel glycopeptide antibiotics, including corbomycin, GP1416, and GP6738, significantly increasing their production yields.

The study identified 18 antibiotic resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis strain CC15031, including genes conferring resistance to various antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, and others.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from chicken meat, including tetA, sul1, aadA1, ereA, aac-3-IV, cmlA, catA1, SHV, and CITM, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfonamide, streptomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and beta-lactams.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolates from Nigerian poultry, including aac(6')-Ia, aac(6')-Ib, aadA7, aph(3")-Ia, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6')-Id, aph(6')-Ic, aac(3)-Ia, aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IVa, aac(6')-IIa, aac(3)-Id, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(M), qnrS1, qnrB19, blaTEM, dfrA14, dfrA15, dfrA17, catA1, cmlA1, and floR. Mutations in gyrA (Ser83Phe, Asp87Tyr) and parC (Thr57Ser, Ser80Ile) were also associated with resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from poultry farms in Malaysia, including aac(3)-IV, tet(A), tet(B), and sul1, which confer resistance to gentamicin, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-28, bla SHV-81, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-52C, bla CARB-2, bla OXA-1, bla DHA-1, and bla CMY-2, along with other AMR genes such as aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA1, aadA2, aph(4)-Ia, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB1, qnrS1, floR, sul2, sul1, tet(A), dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA17, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA16, dfrA15, catB3, cmlA1, arr-2, and qnrB19, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from food products.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from healthy swine in Guizhou, China, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance, particularly for tetracycline, doxycycline, and sulfisoxazole. Key genes included blaTEM, blaCTX-M-9G, aac(3')-IV, aadA1, aadA2, floR, qnrS, oqxA, and mcr-1.

The study reports the emergence of a high-level carbapenem-resistant and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Escherichia coli strain N7 producing NDM-5, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance genes on plasmids and chromosomes.

The study developed a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid and accurate detection of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methyltransferases in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for detecting resistance mechanisms to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.

The study identified several ESBL genes, including blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-12, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-3, and blaCMY-2, along with aminoglycoside resistance genes like aac(3)-IV, sulfonamide resistance genes sul1 and sul2, and trimethoprim resistance genes dfrA and dfrG, in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from hospitalized horses.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from different animal sources, highlighting the presence of ESBL genes such as bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, and bla CMY-28, as well as mutations in parC and gyrA that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies various AMR genes in the IncC plasmid pUO-STmRV1, including blaTEM-1, cmlA1, aac(3)-IV, aadA1, aadA2, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), dfrA12, arsR2, arsH, merRTPCADE, and silESRCBAP, which confer resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from pigs in China, including aac(3)-IV, aac6'-Ib, rmtA, blaTEM, blaSHV, oqxB, and tetA. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines.

The study identified multidrug resistance gene clusters in non-srr1/2 serotype III Group B Streptococcus (GBS) isolates, including lnu(B), lsa(E), aadK, aadE, and aac(3)-IV, which confer resistance to lincosamides, streptomycin, and aminoglycosides.

The study reports the first identification of the mcr-5.1 gene in a colistin-resistant Cupriavidus gilardii isolate from well water in Algeria, highlighting the potential environmental spread of mcr genes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCMY-2, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-52, blaCTX-M-1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IV, aadA, strA, strB, aph(3')-Ib), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul1), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), trimethoprim resistance gene (dfrA), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1, qnrS2, qnrB19), macrolide resistance genes (mph(A), mph(B)), and chloramphenicol resistance gene (catA1).

The study identified several aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, including aac(3)-VIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-Id, aac(3)-IVa, aac(3)-IIa, ant(2′′)-Ia, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aadA2, aadA7, aadA1, ant(3′′)-Ia, aac(6′)-Ib3, and rmtB, as key contributors to gentamicin resistance in Salmonella isolates from both human and chicken sources in Canada.

The study characterizes a pESI-like plasmid harboring multiple resistance genes, including bla CTX-M-65, in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Infantis isolates from England and Wales. The plasmid was associated with resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, fosfomycin, and heavy metals.

The study identifies aminoglycoside-resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib', aac(3)-II, aac(3)-IV, ant(2'')-I, aph(3')-I, and rmtF as significant predictors of aminoglycoside MICs in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The study analyzed 22,102 Salmonella genomes from public databases to track antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends in food animals in the United States. It found that the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) decreased in bovines and swine but increased in poultry. Key AMR genes identified include bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-65, floR, tetA, sul2, aadA2, aac(3)-VIa, qnrB19, qnrB2, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-1, bla CARB-2, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aph(3')-Ia, ant(3")-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, and aac(3)-IVa. A significant mutation, gyrA D87Y, was associated with quinolone resistance in poultry.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla NDM-5, bla OXA-10, and bla TEM-1B, in NDM-5-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from an urban river in China. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in foodborne pathogens isolated from dairy cattle and poultry manure amended farms in Northeastern Ohio, including mphA, aadA, aphA1, tetA, aac(3)-IV, sulII, blaTEM, tetB, strA, aac(3)-Iva, ampC, lde, ermB, tet(O), aadB, penA, blaOXA-61, aadE, and aph-3-1.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in foodborne pathogens isolated from dairy cattle and poultry manure amended farms in Northeastern Ohio, including mphA, aadA, aphA1, tetA, aac(3)-IV, sulII, blaTEM, tetB, strA, aac(3)-Iva, ampC, lde, ermB, tet(O), aadB, penA, blaOXA-61, aadE, and aph-3-1.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in STEC and EPEC isolates from imported foods in China, including blaTEM-1B, tetA, tetB, catA1, cmlA1, aadA1, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IV, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib, sul3, dfrA12, and qnrS1, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin.

The study identified various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund isolates, including aadA2, AAC(3)-IV, AAC(6')-Iy, APH(4)-Ia, cmlA1, dfrA12, floR, sul1, sul2, sul3, TEM-1, and tet(A). These genes were located on both the chromosome and plasmids, highlighting the importance of plasmid-mediated AMR gene transmission.

The study identifies and characterizes several aminoglycoside acetyltransferases from environmental and clinical sources, highlighting their broad-spectrum resistance to aminoglycosides, including apramycin. Key findings include the structural and functional analysis of these enzymes, showing their role in conferring resistance and their potential for mobilization to pathogenic bacteria.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wild meso-mammals and environmental sources, including blaTEM-1, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, aph(3”)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaCMY-2, qnrS1, and floR. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and quinolones.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from a mixed-use watershed in Georgia, USA, including bla CMY-2, aadA2, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tetA, tetC, floR, and dfrA12, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim.

The study identified 12 types of antibiotic resistance genes in 110 Salmonella isolates from duck farms in Shandong Province, China, including beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, macrolide, and quinolone resistance genes. The most prevalent resistance genes were blaTEM, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tetA. The study also found that class I integrons and plasmids play a significant role in the dissemination of these resistance genes.

The study identified a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Greek pigs, with a focus on resistance mechanisms involving bla CTX-M1/15, bla TEM, and bla SHV genes, as well as resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, and colistin.

The study reports two multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis from Spain carrying the blaCTX-M-65 gene on pESI-like plasmids, along with other resistance genes such as floR, aac(3)-IVa, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, aadA1, tet(A), sul1, dfrA14, and fosA3. Mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance, while truncations in nsfA and nsfB were linked to nitrofurantoin resistance.

The study developed and validated a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid detection of β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in blood cultures growing E. coli or K. pneumoniae. The assay successfully detected various resistance genes including β-lactamases (SHV, TEM, CTX-M-1-like, OXA-1, CMY-2-like, cAmpC, KPC, OXA-48, NDM, VIM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AAC(3)-Ia, AAC(3)-II, AAC(3)-IV, AAC(3)-VI, AAC(6′)-Ib, ANT(2′′)-I, APH(3′)-VI), 16S-RMTases (ArmA, RmtB, RmtC, RmtF), and quinolone resistance mechanisms (QnrA, QnrB, AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, and wildtype QRDR of GyrA).

The study identifies the multidrug-resistance gene cfr for the first time in Salmonella, highlighting the expansion of the cfr reservoir and potential horizontal spread to other bacteria. It also detects various AMR genes such as floR, sul2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3”)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(6')-Ib-cr, bla CMY−2, bla TEM−1, qnrS1, erm(B), mph(E), msr(E), qepA8, arr-3, sul1, dfrA12, dfrA27, tet(A), tet(D), catB3, aadA16, aac(3)-IV, aph(4)-Ia, aadA2, and fosA7.

The study identified multiple ESBL-encoding genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-32, and bla SHV-12, as well as carbapenemase gene bla NDM-1, in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from dairy cattle farms. These genes were associated with resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. Additionally, several other AMR genes such as aadA2, ant(3")-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, dfrA12, sul3, cmlA1, and others were identified, contributing to resistance against aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE were linked to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study characterizes antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and mutations in various Salmonella serovars associated with poultry in Brazil, emphasizing the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Key findings include the identification of AMR genes such as blaCTX-M-2, blaTEM-1B, aac(3)-lla, aac(3)-lld, aadA1, aadA2, aph(6)-ld, dfrA1, floR, mrc-1, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), and others, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified several aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, including aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-VIa, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aac(3)-IVa, ant(2″)-Ia, aadA5, aadA1, aadA2, aph(3″)-Ib, and strA, as key contributors to gentamicin and spectinomycin resistance in Escherichia coli from human and chicken sources in Canada.

The study characterized several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates, including aac(3)-IVa, aph(4)-Ia, floR, sul1, tet(A), and gyrA_D87Y, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline. Additionally, other genes like aac(3)-VIa, aadA1, bla HER-3, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(2′)-IIa, fosA7.4, and tet(B) were identified, each associated with resistance to specific antibiotics.

The study identified bla KPC-2, bla GES, bla NDM-1, and bla IMP as the main carbapenemase genes in CRKP isolates. Additionally, various ESBL genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and PMQR genes were detected.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from frozen chicken meat, including tet(A), tet(B), aadA1, aac(3)-IV, ereA, blaCITM, blaSHV, sulI, catA1, and cmlA, which confer resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, ampicillin, sulfonamide, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wild and domestic animals in Thailand, including blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY-2, aac(3)-IV, aadA, tetA, tetB, qnrA, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, and dfrA7, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

The study identified bla KPC-2 and bla NDM-5 as the main carbapenem resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) isolates. Additionally, various other resistance genes were detected, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-3, OXA-1, OXA-10, TEM-1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-Iva, aac(6′)-Ib-AKT, aac(6′)-Ib-D181Y, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, aph(6)-Id), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1, qnrS2), tetracycline resistance genes (oqxA10, oqxB17), fosfomycin resistance gene (fosA3), and chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1, cmlA5).

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolates from a poultry production line, highlighting the role of mobile genetic elements in the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from China, highlighting the increasing prevalence of resistance to beta-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. Key genes include blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-14, aac(3)-IV, and mcr-1.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from chicken meat, including aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, quinolone, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and phenicol resistance genes. These genes were detected using whole genome sequencing and correlated with phenotypic resistance profiles.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in porcine ETEC/STEC strains, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-106), polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-5.1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-IVa, aph(3')-Ia, aadA1, aadA10, aadA12), florfenicol resistance gene (floR), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), quinolone resistance gene (qnrS1), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA36).

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in porcine ETEC/STEC strains, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-106), polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-5.1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-IVa, aph(3')-Ia, aadA1, aadA10, aadA12), florfenicol resistance gene (floR), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), quinolone resistance gene (qnrS1), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA36).

The study identified various AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from the UK and Thailand, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to multiple antibiotics, particularly in certain serovars like S. Typhimurium and S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Key AMR genes included bla TEM-1b, bla CARB-2, bla TEM-135, bla TEM-1D, mphB, cmlA1, floR, gyrA, qnrS1, aac(3)-Id, aac(3)-IVa, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA(B), tet(A), tet(G), tet(M), and dfrA12.

The study identified various carbapenem resistance genes such as bla KPC, bla KPC-3, bla KPC-2, bla NDM, and bla OXA-232, as well as aminoglycoside resistance genes like aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib, and others. It also found sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), beta-lactam resistance genes (bla TEM, bla OXA), and quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1).

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant Salmonella infantis clone harboring a pESI-like megaplasmid with the blaCTX-M-65 gene, which confers resistance to ceftriaxone and ampicillin. Several other AMR genes, including aac(3)-IVa, aadA1, aph(4)-Ia, sul1, tetA, floR, dfrA14, and fosA, were also characterized.

The study identifies two CTX-M-producing E. coli ST602 strains, UNB7 and GP188, from wild birds in Brazil and Chile, carrying a wide resistome against antibiotics, heavy metals, disinfectants, and herbicides.

The study identified silA and pcoD genes associated with copper tolerance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from poultry, and numerous chromosomal mutations linked to colistin resistance.

The study identified multidrug-resistant, hydrogen sulfide-producing variants of Escherichia coli from Bangladesh, highlighting the presence of various AMR genes such as bla TEM1B, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, bla CTX-M-123, aadA1, aadA2, aph (3')-Ia, aph (3'')-Ib, aph (6)-Id, tet(A), tet(M), sul3, sul2, dfrA12, mph(A), floR, cmlA1, qacL, and qnrS1.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Alcaligenes species, particularly in clinical isolates, highlighting the presence of genes conferring resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and other antibiotics.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CITM, bla CTXM-1), tetracycline resistance (tetA), sulfonamide resistance (sul1), aminoglycoside resistance (aac(3)-IV, aadA1), and others.

The study focuses on the discovery and development of inhibitors targeting the acetyltransferase Eis, which is responsible for aminoglycoside resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eis was shown to confer resistance to kanamycin and amikacin.

The study identified various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica serovars, including qnrB81, aph_6, sul2, tetA, blaCMY_2, qnrB19, aac_3_IV, blaLEN_15, aph4_la, aadA1, blaTEM_95, qnrB82, and mcr-5.1, which confer resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and colistin.

The study characterizes various AMR genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-1, qnrB1, qnrS1, aph(6)-Id, aph(3”)-Ib, aac(3)-IIa, ant(3”)-Ia, dfrA14, dfrA1, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, tet(A), tet(D), sul2, sul1, fosA6, fosA_5, fosA_3, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-14b, bla CTX-M-8, bla CMY-2, bla TEM-190, aac(3)-IVa, aph(4)-Ia, and catB3_2, in ESBL-producing Enterobacterales isolates from long-term colonized patients.

The study identified several AMR genes in R. anatipestifer isolates, including aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(3′)-VII, aac(3′)-IV, aadA, strA/strB), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(X)), erythromycin resistance gene (ermF), chloramphenicol resistance gene (cmlA), beta-lactam resistance gene (bla TEM), and sulfonamide resistance gene (sulI).

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from retail meat products in North Carolina, including aac(3)-IV, aadA1, aph(3'')-lb, blaTEM-1, tetB, and others, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in ground turkey.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from humans and animals in Spain, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and the role of plasmids in the dissemination of resistance mechanisms.

The study identified various beta-lactamase genes, including blaSPM, blaKPC, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaTEM, blaPER, blaVIM, and blaVIM-2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, aac(3)-IV, aadA1, aac(3)-II, sul2, sul1, sul3, dfrA, cmlA, and tetA were found to confer resistance to aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines.

The study identified 31 AMR genes in 97 Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry, including aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IVa, aac(3)-VIa, aac(6′)-Ib4, ant(2′′)-Ia, grdA, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIa, aadA1, aadA2, aadA7, aadA13, aph(3′)-Ib, aph(6)-Ic, aph(6)-Id, aph(4)-Ia, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaHER-3, blaTEM-1, floR, tetA, tetB, tetC, dfrA12, sul1, sul2, fosA7, qnrB19, ble, and mcr-9.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from commercial chickens in Nepal, including blaTEM, sul1, qnrA, tetB, cat1, ereA, mcr1, and aac(3)-IV, which confer resistance to various antimicrobial agents.

The study identifies a novel multidrug-resistant species, Providencia xianensis, which shows resistance to several antibiotics including tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, lincosamide, rifamycin, and beta-lactams.

The study identifies aac(3)-IVa, aac(6)-Ib, and aac(3)-IIa as the most prevalent aminoglycoside resistance genes in E. coli isolates from bloodstream infections in Tehran, Iran.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from poultry in Bangladesh, including genes conferring resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, colistin, and others. High levels of multidrug resistance were observed, with specific genes like mcr1.1, bla CTX-M-65, and tet(A) playing significant roles.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lineage with a rough colony morphology, carrying multiple AMR genes including aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, chloramphenicol, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and quinolone resistance genes. A specific mutation (-44G > T) in the csgD promoter was found to upregulate biofilm-related genes.

The study identifies distinct antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene profiles in bovine and swine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates, highlighting differences in the prevalence of specific AMR genes and plasmid replicons between the two host species.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken meat, eggs, and faeces in Bangladesh, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant pathogens.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae isolates from Ecuador, including bla KPC-3, bla OXA-9, aadA1, aac(6')-Ib-AKT, and mutations in ompK35, ompK36, ompK37, gyrA, parC, and acrR, contributing to resistance against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and other antibiotics.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wild animals, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-65, bla CTX-M-55, bla EC-1982), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aadA2, aadA5, ant(3")-Ia, aph(3")-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(6)-Id), tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetA), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA17, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin resistance genes (mphB, lnuF, ermC, mefC), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB19, qnrB5, qnrS1, qnrS2), and others. Additionally, point mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-3, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-42, bla DHA-1, bla CMY-2, bla CMY-3, bla CMY-46, bla CMY-101, bla ACT-16, bla CMH-like, and bla MIR-9, along with other AMR genes such as mcr-1, qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr5, and various tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, macrolide, lincosamide, and rifampicin resistance genes in Enterobacterales isolates from imported healthy reptiles.

The study identifies CTX-M-55, CTX-M-65, CTX-M-27, and CTX-M-14 ESβL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in companion animals in Ecuador, highlighting their global One Health significance and the need for surveillance programs.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in P. aeruginosa UTI isolates from the UK and Kuwait, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains, especially in Kuwaiti isolates. Key AMR genes included aac(3)-IV, aph(3')-Ib, aph(3')-IIb, aph(4)-Ia, aph(6)-Id, crpP, dfrB1, aac(6')-Ib7, aac(6')-ii, aaA61, blaPDC, and blaVIM-28. Mutations in gyrA were also found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

This review highlights the pathogenesis, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance genes of Riemerella anatipestifer, emphasizing its significance in poultry farming and the need for further research on its resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella strains isolated from broiler litter, including aadA1, aac(3)-IV, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, dfrA14, floR, sul1, tetA, sul2, merRTPCA, qacE, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, pcoABCDRE, silP, and silE. These genes were found on various plasmids and contributed to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as streptomycin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, mercury, quaternary ammonium compounds, copper, and silver.

The study identifies a ceftazidime-avibactam resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain carrying the bla NDM−5 gene, which confers resistance to carbapenems and other beta-lactam antibiotics. The strain also possesses other resistance genes including bla CTX−M−65, bla SHV−103, and bla TEM−1, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, bla OXA, bla LAP, and bla CMY, as well as other antibiotic resistance genes such as mcr-1, mcr-1.1, tet(X4), aadA1, aadA2, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-IIa, aac(3)-IVa, aph(4)-Ia, tet(A), tet(M), sul2, sul3, dfrA14, qnrS1, arr-2, fosA3, cmlA5, floR, mph(A), and lnu(F) in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from pigeons in China.

This study identified echinoderm-derived metabolites that show strong binding affinity and inhibitory potential against aminoglycoside acetyltransferases (AACs), including AAC(3)-Ib, AAC(6′)-Im, AAC(3)-Iva, and Aminoglycoside 2′-N-acetyltransferase. These compounds demonstrate promising activity in disrupting the function of these enzymes, which are critical for bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.

This study identified echinoderm-derived metabolites that show strong binding affinity and inhibitory potential against aminoglycoside acetyltransferases (AACs), including AAC(3)-Ib, AAC(6′)-Im, AAC(3)-Iva, and Aminoglycoside 2′-N-acetyltransferase. These compounds demonstrate promising activity in disrupting the function of these enzymes, which are critical for bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Salmonella isolates, including aadA1, tetA, sul1, and aac(3)-IV, which conferred resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and gentamicin, respectively.

The study identifies the clonal spread of bla(CTX-M-65) producing Salmonella enterica serovars in poultry retail meat in North Carolina, USA. It characterizes the resistance profiles of these isolates, including the presence of bla(CTX-M-65), aac(3)-Iva, aadA1, aph(4)-Ia, floR, mdsA, mdsB, sul1, tet(A), dfrA14, aph(3')-Ia, sul2, aph(3'')-Ib, and fosA3.

The study identified 50 acquired resistance genes and seven chromosomal-mediated gene mutations in Salmonella populations from Thai canal water, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identified 50 acquired resistance genes and seven chromosomal-mediated gene mutations in Salmonella populations from Thai canal water, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and a quinolone resistance mutation in pESI-carrying Salmonella Infantis isolates from the Korean poultry production chain, highlighting the potential for zoonotic transmission.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from waterfowl in Guangdong, China, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, bla OXA, aad A1, aad A2, aac C2, aac (3)-IV, aph (3’)-I, qnr A, qnr S, clm A, flo R, tet (A), and Sul II. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from bovine urinary tract infections, including tetA, gyrA, blaSHV, floR, and aac(3)-IV, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.