The study characterizes the blaIMP gene, which encodes the IMP-1 metallo-beta-lactamase, and identifies several other resistance genes including aacA4, catB6, and qacG, all of which were experimentally validated for their roles in antimicrobial resistance.

Two E. coli isolates from Galápagos land iguanas were found to carry acquired resistance genes, including tet(B), aadB, aacA4, cat1, tet(A), blaTEM, and sul1, indicating human-related contamination in a remote ecosystem.

The study characterizes various AbaR genomic resistance islands in Acinetobacter baumannii strains of European clone I, identifying multiple AMR genes such as blaTEM-1, aacC1, aadA1, aacA4, dfrA1, catA1, sul1, and tetA, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.

The paper discusses the multidrug-resistant nature of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, highlighting its resistance to various antibiotics including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and polymyxins. It emphasizes the challenges in treating infections caused by this pathogen due to its intrinsic resistance mechanisms and the need for alternative therapeutic approaches.

The study characterizes an IncFII plasmid carrying the blaNDM-1 gene, along with other resistance genes such as aacA4, aadA2, aacC2, and blaOXA-1, which contribute to multidrug resistance in E. coli ST131.

The study demonstrates that natural transformation facilitates the transfer of transposons, integrons, and gene cassettes between bacterial species, leading to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance traits. Specific resistance genes such as aadB, blaIMP-5, blaOXA-30, dfrA12, aadA2, and aacA4 were identified and characterized.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in soil bacteria that are identical to those found in human pathogens, highlighting the exchange of resistance genes between environmental and clinical microbes.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and resistance islands in three multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, highlighting the role of genomic plasticity in the dissemination of resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae strain EC_38VIM1, including the metallo-beta-lactamase gene blaVIM-1, aadA1, aacA4, qnrA1, catB2, and dfrB1.

The study identified various resistance gene cassettes within class 1 and 2 integrons in Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including aadB, aadA2, dhfrA1, dhfrA11, aacA4, blaoxa2, sat2, catB3, and cmlA6, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified various aminoglycoside resistance genes and novel transposons, including Tn6279, ΔTn6279, and Tn1548-like structures, contributing to the resistance of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

The study identifies the aacA4 gene on plasmid pHS87a, which confers resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, and netilmicin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa HS87.

The draft genome sequence of Proteus mirabilis NO-051/03 reveals the presence of multiple acquired resistance genes, including blaCMY-16 and blaTEM-1b, which confer resistance to β-lactams, as well as genes for resistance to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides. Additionally, mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and parC contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies blaNDM-1, blaIMP-4, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-1, qnrS1, qnrB4, and aacA4 as the primary resistance genes in NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae ST105 isolates during an outbreak in a neonatal ICU in China.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae isolates from food samples, including beta-lactamases (blaSHV, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-10), folate pathway inhibitor gene (dhfr), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB, qnrA, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aacA4, aacC2, aadA1), and mutations in gyrA and parC genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes including blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51-like, aacA4, catB8, and aadA1, along with mutations in gyrA and parC genes, which are associated with resistance to carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from two hospital outbreaks.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including aadA1, aadA6, aacA4, aacA7, aacA5, blaOXA-2, blaOXA-4, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-2, blaGIM-2, blaIMP-1, blaIMP-7, blaPER-1, blaCTX-M-3, ampC, gyrA (T83I), and parC (S87L/W), which are associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as tobramycin, ceftazidime, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin.

The study identified multiple blaOXA-114 variants (blaOXA-114q, blaOXA-114h, blaOXA-114r, blaOXA-114t) and the novel blaPSE-1 gene in Achromobacter spp. isolates, along with aadB, aadA2, dfrA17, and aacA4 resistance genes, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies the blaIMP-4 gene in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium from cats, which confers resistance to carbapenems. The gene is part of a multidrug-resistant IncHI2 plasmid carrying various resistance genes.

The study identifies five distinct forms of AbGRI3 in extensively antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Singapore, highlighting the genetic diversity and evolution of resistance islands carrying the armA gene, which confers resistance to aminoglycosides.

The study reports the draft genome sequences of two pandrug-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolates carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-6, sul1, sul2, rmtC, aacA4, aac(6')Ib-c, strA, strB, dfrA18, qnrA1, catA2, aac(6')-Ic, tet(41), and ampC.

The aacA4 gene encoding an aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase, AAC(6')-4, was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The gene was found to be part of a resistance gene cluster and was under the control of the regulatory sequences of the beta-lactamase encoded by Tn3.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Spain, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and mutations in genes such as ampC, oprD, gyrA, parC, mexZ, and glpT, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identifies a VIM-1 carbapenemase-producing E. coli isolate from retail seafood in Germany, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance genes including blaVIM-1, aacA4, aadA1, aph(3')-XV, catB2, qnrS1, blaSHV-12, blaACC-1, strA-like, strB-like, dfrA14-like, mph(A), sul1, and sul2.

The study identifies a novel IncA/C1 conjugative plasmid, pIncAC_KP4898, which carries the blaVIM-1 gene and other resistance genes, mediating carbapenem resistance in ST104 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from neonates in the NICU of V. Monaldi Hospital in Naples.

The study identifies core genome functions that play a crucial role in high-level tobramycin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, highlighting the significance of phospholipid biosynthesis, phosphate regulation, and envelope homeostasis. It also reveals that even in the presence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, core functions remain vital for resistance.

The study reports a pan-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate with resistance to all 26 antibiotics tested, including multiple beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance, and colistin resistance due to mgrB inactivation.

The study characterized NDM-encoding plasmids from Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Czech hospitals, identifying blaNDM-1, blaNDM-4, and blaNDM-5 genes as the primary resistance determinants.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in the newly described species Superficieibacter electus, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and others, indicating its ability to resist various antibiotics.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198, including genes such as blaTEM-1, aacA4, aadA1, sul1, tetA, catA1, mph(A), blaCTX-M-1, blaOXA-48, blaNDM-1, blaCMY-2, and dfrA12, along with mutations in gyrA and parC that confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from German surface waters, highlighting the presence of clinically relevant resistance mechanisms such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, mcr-1, and others.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Pakistan, including bla OXA-23, bla GES-11, aphA6a, aacA4, sul1, drfA7, msr(E), and mph(E). These genes contribute to resistance against various antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and macrolides.

The study evaluated the performance of multiplex PCR (mPCR) for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes in clinical samples from patients with orthopaedic infections. It identified several resistance genes, including mecA, mecC, aac(6')/aph(2''), ermA, ermC, rpoB, vanA, vanB, ctx-M, blaNDM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-58, blaIMP, blaKPC, gyrA83, gyrA87, and aacA4, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as oxacillin, aminoglycosides, macrolides/lincosamides, rifampin, vancomycin, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies IMP-38-producing high-risk ST307 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in a neonatal unit in China, highlighting the acquisition of diverse antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaIMP-38, blaCTX-M-3, blaSHV-2A, blaSHV-28, blaTEM-1, aacA4, catB3, oqxA, oqxB, and fosA6.

This review discusses the mechanisms that protect Acinetobacter baumannii against multiple stresses, including those from the host immune response, antibiotics, and the outside environment. It highlights the role of surface glycoconjugates, outer membrane components, and various virulence factors in evading immune defenses and surviving adverse conditions.

The study identified several resistance gene cassettes within class 1 integrons in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, including aadB, aacA4, blaOXA-10, aacA5, cmlA5, and VIM-1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified diverse gene cassette arrays in commensal E. coli from intensive farming swine in four Chinese provinces, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance mediated by class 1 integrons and specific gene cassettes.

The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes, including aphA6, aadB, aadA1, aacA4, aacC2, and ArmA, which contribute to high levels of resistance against various aminoglycosides in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates.

Herbicides increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in soil microbiomes through selection for de novo mutants with high levels of antibiotic resistance and promotion of horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified the ESBL plasmid pLL35 carrying blaCTX-M-15, TEM-112, and OXA-9, which conferred varying levels of cefotaxime resistance across different E. coli strains. The transcriptional response to plasmid acquisition was limited and strain-specific, with minimal global changes in gene expression.

The study reveals that the aacA4 gene and class I integrons harboring the aadA gene are predominant in MRSA isolates, contributing to aminoglycoside resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Campylobacter spp. isolated from a yellow-feathered broiler slaughterhouse, highlighting high levels of multidrug resistance.

The study identifies a novel plasmid-encoded VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas stutzeri strain, ZDHY95, with a complex genetic arrangement including a novel class I integron In1998 and various resistance genes such as blaVIM-2, aacA3, aadA13, cmlA8, blaOXA-246, arr3, dfrA27, qacEΔ1, sul1, aacA4'-30, aacA4', qnrVC1, catB11, blaCARB-4.

The study identified 88 acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in 166 Morganella isolates, with a focus on tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and beta-lactam resistance genes. Key ARGs included blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, aacA4, aadA5, dfrA17, catB3, arr-3, blaOXA-1, aacA4cr, mph(A), rmtB, sul2, floR, qnrS1, tetA, and ermB.

The study identifies multiple carbapenemase genes, including blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-207, as well as various resistance islands harboring genes such as aacA4, catB8, and armA, contributing to the multidrug resistance of CR Ab isolates in U.S. hospitals.

The study identified multiple AMR genes on IncHI5 plasmids in Klebsiella michiganensis, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-3, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-12, blaIMP-4, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-16, blaSFO-1, blaSIM-1), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aacA4, arr3, aadA5, gcu37, dfrA1), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catA2), streptomycin resistance genes (strA, strB), macrolide resistance genes (msrAB, mph(A)), and quaternary ammonium compound resistance gene (qacG2).

This study characterizes four groups of chromosome-borne accessory genetic elements (AGEs) in Providencia, highlighting the diversity and complexity of multidrug resistance (MDR) regions within these elements. It identifies numerous drug resistance genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and others, contributing to the understanding of AMR mechanisms in Providencia.

The study identified bla KPC-3, bla GES-5, and bla VIM genes in various Enterobacterales isolates from urban ponds, highlighting their role in carbapenem resistance.

The study shows that antidepressants can promote the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) between different bacterial genera, highlighting the potential link between antidepressant use and the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes within AbGRIs in GC2 A. baumannii isolates from COVID-19 patients, including strA, strB, tetA(B), tetR(B), sul2, oxa23, aacC1, aadA1, blaTEM, armA, aacA4, aphA1b, and sul1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, carbapenems, and beta-lactams.

The study identified a pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (Kp196) with a complex resistome comprising numerous acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms, including multiple beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance proteins, and mutations in genes involved in colistin, tigecycline, and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in the pan-drug resistant K. pneumoniae isolate CDC Nevada, including beta-lactamases (bla NDM-1, bla CMY-6, bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-2), fosfomycin resistance gene (fosA), macrolide phosphotransferase (mphA), aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (aacA4), ribosome methyltransferase (rmtC), fluoroquinolone efflux pumps (oqxA, oqxB), and sulfonamide resistance gene (sul1).

The study identifies three novel bla OXA variants (bla OXA-1202, bla OXA-1203, and bla OXA-1204) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, and cefoxitin.

The study identifies various acquired antibiotic resistance genes in Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter spp. in the Western Balkans and Hungary, including beta-lactamases like bla VIM-2-like, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-23, and bla OXA-66, aminoglycoside resistance genes such as aacA4, aadA2, and aphA, sulfonamide resistance gene sul1, and others. These genes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance in the region.

The study identified nine clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in plasmid-like assemblies from marine Enterobacterales, including blaKPC, blaTEM, aacA4, folP, and tetA, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer in coastal environments.

The study identifies bla(NDM-1) as a key carbapenem resistance gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kerman, Iran, highlighting its role in multidrug resistance and the need for monitoring its spread.

The study identifies three class 1 integrons (In-t1, In-t2, and In-t3) carrying various antibiotic resistance gene cassettes in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, highlighting the role of mobile genetic elements in the spread of multidrug resistance.