Browse AMR Genes

Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature

ald

aldolase

NCBI Pathogen Isolates

Bacterial genomes carrying this gene

NCBI Reference Gene Catalog

Known alleles and reference sequences

Protein entries specific to ald

Browse AMR rules for ald

Validation StatusConfirmed2+ DBs

Overview

Mechanism: mutation in the gene leads to resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid
Validation Method: machine learning and structural analysis
Drug Classes: Para-aminosalicylic acid, D-cycloserine, Cycloserine
Organisms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
Geographic Location: Belarus|South Africa|South Korea|India, Egypt|France|Algeria|South Africa, global
Alleles: 2
Papers: 5
Databases: Card DatabaseReslit
Mutations: 4

Mutations

Protein Change	Nucleotide Change	Mechanism	Organism	Resistance To	Database	Validation Status
M1I	-	destabilizing	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Cycloserine	Reslit	Candidate
E118K	-	destabilizing	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Cycloserine	Reslit	Candidate
A184T	-	destabilizing	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Cycloserine

Allele Variants2

Allele	Database	Papers	Drug Classes	Organisms	Countries	Years	Sequence Accession	Protein Accession
ald	Reslit	3	Para-aminosalicylic acid, D-cycloserine	Mycobacterium tuberculosis +1	Belarus\|South Africa\|South Korea\|India, global, Egypt\|France\|Algeria\|South Africa	2018, 2019, 2024	SAMN37519983\|SAMN37519961\|SAMN37519964\|SAMN38024412\|SAMN37519969\|PRJNA1019495	-
Mtub_ald_DCS	Card Database	1	-	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv	-	-	NC_000962.3	NP_217296.1

Papers5

1

Machine learning and structural analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pan-genome identifies genetic signatures of antibiotic resistance.

PMID 30333483 · 2018

The study identifies 33 known AMR genes and 24 new genetic signatures of AMR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using machine learning and structural analysis. It also reveals 97 epistatic interactions across 10 resistance classes and provides mechanistic insights into the selection of these genes.

Gene Information

Gene Name: ald
Allele: ald
Encodes: aldolase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: mutation in the gene leads to resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid
Confers Resistance To: Para-aminosalicylic acid
Organisms Tested In: • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Geographic Location: Belarus|South Africa|South Korea|India
Validation Method: machine learning and structural analysis

2

Deciphering drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using whole-genome sequencing: progress, promise, and challenges.

PMID 31345251 · 2019

The paper discusses the identification of drug resistance determinants in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using whole-genome sequencing, highlighting the importance of mutations in genes such as rpoB, katG, inhA, pncA, embCAB, gyrA, gyrB, atpE, rrs, rpsL, ald, ethA, and thyX. It also identifies new resistance-associated mutations in ethA and the thyX promoter.

Gene Information

Gene Name: ald
Allele: ald
Encodes: alanine dehydrogenase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: loss-of-function
Confers Resistance To: D-cycloserine
Organisms Tested In: • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Geographic Location: global
Validation Method: sequencing of laboratory-derived resistant mutants

3

Genetic diversities and drug resistance in Mycobacterium bovis isolates from zoonotic tuberculosis using whole genome sequencing.

PMID 39487429 · 2024

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Mycobacterium bovis isolates, including resistance to isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, pyrazinamide, d-cycloserine, rifampin, delamanid, and para-aminosalicylic acid.

Gene Information

Gene Name: ald
Allele: ald
Encodes: alanine dehydrogenase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: d-cycloserine resistance
Confers Resistance To: D-cycloserine
Organisms Tested In: • Mycobacterium bovis
Geographic Location: Egypt|France|Algeria|South Africa
Validation Method: genomic sequencing and mutation analysis
Sequence Accession: SAMN37519983|SAMN37519961|SAMN37519964|SAMN38024412|SAMN37519969|PRJNA1019495

4

Gene Information

Gene Name: ald
Allele: Mtub_ald_DCS
Encodes: cycloserine resistant ald
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic target alteration
Organisms Tested In: • Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
Sequence Accession: NC_000962.3
Protein Accession: NP_217296.1
Notes: ARO:3004945