Browse AMR Genes

Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature

aph(3')-II

aminoglycoside phosphotransferase

NCBI Pathogen Isolates

Bacterial genomes carrying this gene

NCBI Reference Gene Catalog

Known alleles and reference sequences

Protein entries specific to aph(3')-II

Browse AMR rules for aph(3')-II

Validation StatusConfirmed2+ DBs

Overview

Validation Method: microarray analysis
Drug Classes: Aminoglycoside, KANAMYCIN, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Netilmicin, Amikacin
Organisms: Acinetobacter baumannii, uncultured bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Herbaspirillum, Pedobacter, Mycobacterium, Xanthobacteraceae, Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Porcine
Geographic Location: China, Europe, Germany, Iran, Norway +2 more
Alleles: 4
Papers: 11
Databases: Reference Gene CatalogReslit

Allele Variants4

Allele	Database	Papers	Drug Classes	Organisms	Countries	Years	Sequence Accession	Protein Accession
aph ( 3 ′)- II	Reslit	1	Aminoglycoside	Acinetobacter baumannii	Germany	2013	-	-
aph(3')-II	Reference Gene CatalogReslit

Papers11

1

DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates.

PMID 23856783 · 2013

The study developed a DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, identifying numerous resistance genes and mutations associated with carbapenem, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and other antibiotic resistances.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph ( 3 ′)- II
Encodes: aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Aminoglycoside
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: Germany
Validation Method: microarray analysis

2

Novel thermostable antibiotic resistance enzymes from the Atlantis II Deep Red Sea brine pool.

PMID 28004885 · 2017

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph(3')-II
Encodes: APH(3')-II family aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Confers Resistance To: KANAMYCIN
Organisms Tested In: • uncultured bacterium
Sequence Accession: KX377799.1
Protein Accession: APR72113.1

3

Pseudomonas Endocarditis with an unstable phenotype: the challenges of isolate characterization and Carbapenem stewardship with a partial review of the literature.

PMID 28855980 · 2017

The study identified several AMR genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, including blaADC35, aph(3')-II, blaOXA-50, catB7, and fosA, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics. The isolates showed varying resistance profiles, highlighting the complexity of AMR mechanisms in P. aeruginosa.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph(3')-II
Encodes: Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: GentamicinTobramycin
Organisms Tested In: • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Validation Method: Whole-genome sequencing and susceptibility testing
Sequence Accession: MRSN 437462|MRSN 437471

4

Detection of Aminoglycoside Resistant Bacteria in Sludge Samples From Norwegian Drinking Water Treatment Plants.

PMID 30918503 · 2019

The study identified aminoglycoside resistance genes aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-II, and aph(3')-III in a small percentage of the isolates, indicating that resistance mechanisms in the sludge samples are not predominantly due to these enzymes.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph(3')-II
Encodes: aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Kanamycin
Organisms Tested In: • Herbaspirillum
• Pedobacter
• Mycobacterium
• Xanthobacteraceae
Geographic Location: Norway
Validation Method: multiplex PCR

5

Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Nocardia Species Isolated from the Soil; A Comparison with Species Isolated from Humans.

PMID 32549367 · 2020

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Nocardia species isolated from soil, including beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, chloramphenicol resistance proteins, vancomycin resistance, and multidrug efflux pumps. Some soil N. cyriacigeorgica strains exhibited distinct genetic profiles suggesting possible new subspecies or species.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph3-II
Encodes: aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Streptomycin
Organisms Tested In: • Nocardia cyriacigeorgica
Geographic Location: Venezuela
Validation Method: genomic analysis
Sequence Accession: JAAGVC000000000|JAAGVB000000000|JAAGVA000000000|JAAGUZ000000000|JAAGUY000000000|JAAGUX000000000

6

Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic patterns of aminoglycoside resistance in the Gram-negative bacteria isolates collected from pediatric and general hospitals.

PMID 35119565 · 2022

The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes, including aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-VIe, aadA15, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-II, and aph(6), which were prevalent among Gram-negative bacteria isolates in Iran.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph(3')-II
Encodes: aminoglycoside modifying enzyme
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: GentamicinTobramycin
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter spp.
• Escherichia coli
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Enterobacter spp.
Geographic Location: Iran
Validation Method: PCR and phenotypic resistance testing

7

Extensive screening reveals previously undiscovered aminoglycoside resistance genes in human pathogens.

PMID 37537271 · 2023

The study identifies numerous novel aminoglycoside resistance genes (AMEs) in human pathogens through extensive computational screening of bacterial genomes. Twenty-four out of twenty-eight experimentally tested AMEs conferred resistance to aminoglycosides in E. coli, with seventeen exceeding clinical breakpoints.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph(3')-II
Encodes: aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: KanamycinGentamicinNetilmicinTobramycin
Organisms Tested In: • Escherichia coli
Validation Method: expression in E. coli and disk diffusion test

8

Antechodynamics and Antechokinetics: Dynamics and Kinetics of Antibiotic Resistance Biomolecules.

PMID 40563463 · 2025

This review discusses the dynamic and kinetic aspects of antibiotic resistance biomolecules, focusing on the mechanisms of resistance conferred by various genes and enzymes.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph3′II
Encodes: Phosphorylase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Amikacin
Validation Method: experimental validation

9

Investigation into the occurrence and molecular characteristics of Salmonella from food animals in Shandong, China.

PMID 40784059 · 2025

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from food animals in Shandong, China, including blaTEM, blaCTX-M, qnrS, oqxA, oqxB, aph(3')-II, aac(6')-Ib-cr, rmtB, mcr-1, and mphA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, colistin, and azithromycin.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph(3')-II
Encodes: Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: GentamicinAmikacin
Organisms Tested In: • Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
Geographic Location: Shandong, China
Validation Method: PCR and sequencing

10

Temporal dynamics of the resistome in gilts raised in an organic operation in which semen used for artificial insemination is the primary source of antimicrobial exposure.

PMID 41290836 · 2025

The study identified several tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and MLS resistance genes in the fecal microbiome of gilts, with no significant increases in ARG abundance following exposure to semen extenders containing antibiotics.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph(3')-II
Encodes: aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Aminoglycoside
Organisms Tested In: • Porcine
Geographic Location: Europe
Validation Method: metagenomic analysis

11

Plasmid-Mediated Spread of Antibiotic Resistance by Arsenic and Microplastics During Vermicomposting.

PMID 41463733 · 2025

Arsenic and microplastics significantly influenced the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during vermicomposting, with specific genes like bla ampC, bla LRA-1, bla FEZ-1, aph(3′)-II, ermB, vanY, mefA, catA, tetX4, bla IMP-11, aadK, ant(3′)-Ih-aac(6′)-Id, ermG, bla OXA-119, tetR, vatE, smeE, mexD, bla OXA-3, amrB, tetY, class A beta-lactamase, dfrA1, alanine adenosyltransferase JOHN-1, mdtB, mdtE, and erm-41 being enriched under various treatment conditions.

Gene Information

Gene Name: aph(3')-II
Allele: aph(3')-II
Encodes: aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Aminoglycoside
Organisms Tested In: • Escherichia coli
Geographic Location: China
Validation Method: plasmid metagenomics
Sequence Accession: PRJNA1367325