The study demonstrates the co-occurrence of different carbapenemase encoding genes in single isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, highlighting the presence of multiple clones within a single sample.

The study identifies the chromosomally-encoded mcr-1 gene in a colistin-resistant E. coli ST695 strain, along with various other resistance genes such as bla NDM-1, aadA1, aadA2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, rmtB, cmlA1, floR, tet(A), tet(M), dfrA12, oqxA, oqxB, qnrS1, mph(A), bla TEM-105, and bla TEM-1B, contributing to its multidrug-resistant phenotype.

The study reports the first autochthonous extensively drug-resistant NDM-1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST235 strain in Italy, highlighting the presence of multiple beta-lactamase genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and multidrug efflux pumps contributing to its extensive drug resistance.

The study characterizes the emergence and dominance of a minor NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae population during KPC-directed therapy, highlighting challenges in detecting and managing drug-resistant subpopulations.

The study identifies various aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) in gram-negative bacteria causing human infections, including aac(6′)-lb, aac(3′)-I, aph(3′)-VI, aac(3′)-II, ant(2′)-I, ant(4′)-IIb, aph(2′)-Ib, aph(2′)-Ic, aph(2′)-Id, aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′)-Ia, and aph(3′)-IIIa. These AMEs confer resistance to multiple aminoglycosides such as amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and netilmicin.

Two Colombian clinical Providencia rettgeri isolates co-harboring NDM-1, VIM-2, and other β-lactamases were characterized. The isolates exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes encoded in prophages within Acinetobacter baumannii genomes, including blaOXA-23, blaNDM-1, blaADC-5, blaOXA-67, blaOXA-115, blaTEM-12, aac(3)-I, aac(3)-Id, aacA16, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, msr(E), mph(E), and sul2. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and sulfonamides.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-6, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-69, blaOXA-91, blaOXA-181, blaOXA-50) and other resistance genes (such as armA, rmtC, rmtF, aac(3)-I, aadA1, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, aph(3')-Via, aph(6')-Id, mphE, msrE, mphA, ereA, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA20, sul1, sul2, tetB, tetD, tetG, tet39, qnrVC1, qnrS1, qnrB4, floR, catA1, catA2, catB3, catB7, cmlA1, cmlA5, arr-3, arr-2, sat2, acrF, mdtM, emrD, mexA, mexE, mexX, kdeA, oxa-10, oxa-395, oxa-396, oxa-846, adc-25, dha-1, act-16, cmY, ctx-m-15, shv-67, tem-1b) in carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria in Kenya, highlighting the diversity and prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identifies blaCTX-M2, blaPER, and blaTEM as the primary ESBL genes in MDR P. aeruginosa isolates from burn patients in Algeria, highlighting the spread of these resistance genes in the region.

The study developed a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid and accurate detection of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methyltransferases in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for detecting resistance mechanisms to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.

The study identified several aminoglycoside resistance genes, including aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-II, aph(3')-Ia, and armA, in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Qazvin, Iran. These genes were associated with high levels of resistance to aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.

The study reports an outbreak of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in an ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the presence of multiple AMR genes including blaNDM-1, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-4, and others, along with mutations in ParC and GyrA contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified a novel allelic variant of aac(6')-Ib called aac(6')-SL and three novel mutations in the sul1 gene among Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in Saudi Arabia.

The study identified several AMR genes, including novel bla ADC-257, and mutations in gyrA and parC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in extensively drug-resistant NDM-producing Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes, including bla NDM, bla KPC, bla VIM, and bla OXA-48, along with other resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib3, aph(3')-VI, rmtC, bla CMY-6, and bla CTX-M-15, in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales isolated from newborn patients in Italy.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant NDM-1-producing E. coli ST162 strain isolated from a pygmy sperm whale, highlighting the presence of various AMR genes including blaNDM-1, blaTEM-1C, blaOXA-1, and others, as well as mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study developed and validated a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid detection of β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in blood cultures growing E. coli or K. pneumoniae. The assay successfully detected various resistance genes including β-lactamases (SHV, TEM, CTX-M-1-like, OXA-1, CMY-2-like, cAmpC, KPC, OXA-48, NDM, VIM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AAC(3)-Ia, AAC(3)-II, AAC(3)-IV, AAC(3)-VI, AAC(6′)-Ib, ANT(2′′)-I, APH(3′)-VI), 16S-RMTases (ArmA, RmtB, RmtC, RmtF), and quinolone resistance mechanisms (QnrA, QnrB, AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, and wildtype QRDR of GyrA).

The study identifies blaOXA-23 as a prevalent carbapenemase gene in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex isolates from dogs and cats in Thailand. Additionally, several tetracycline and aminoglycoside resistance genes, including tet(B), tet(39), strA, strB, aac(3)-Ia, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Im, aac(6')-Ib, ant(2'')-Ia, and aph(3')-VI, were detected.

The study identified several AMR genes in multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-2, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aad A5, ant(2′′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-VI, aph(6)-Id, ermB, ermD, fosA3, fosA7, mdtM, emrD, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, tetM, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA82, dfrB4, qepA, qepA1, qepA2, qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, qacE, catA1, catA2, catB3, cmlA1, mphA.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, and various aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, as well as mutations in mgrB, gyrA, parC, and porin genes associated with colistin and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies blaNDM-1 and blaNDM-14 as the primary beta-lactamase genes responsible for carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter species, along with aph(3')-VI for aminoglycoside resistance. It characterizes the genetic context of these genes within conjugative plasmids and highlights the prevalence of these resistance mechanisms in various Acinetobacter species.

The study identified bla KPC-2, bla GES, bla NDM-1, and bla IMP as the main carbapenemase genes in CRKP isolates. Additionally, various ESBL genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and PMQR genes were detected.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including blaNDM-1, blaOXA-10, blaPER-4, aph(3')-VI, ant(2'')-Ia, ant(3')-Ia, sul1, catB8, catA1, mph(E), and tet, in a multidrug-resistant Providencia rettgeri strain. These genes contribute to resistance against various antibiotics, including carbapenems, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and tetracyclines.

The study identified blaOXA-23 and blaNDM-1 as the most common carbapenem resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Nigerian hospitals, along with several other AMR genes and mutations contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified a transferable IncX3 plasmid carrying bla(NDM-1), ble(MBL), and aph(3')-VI genes from a carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolate, which conferred phenotypic carbapenem resistance in E. coli upon transformation.

The study identified multiple drug resistance genes in R. anatipestifer strains, including high prevalence of tetracycline resistance gene tet X (95.9%), macrolide resistance gene ermF (77%), and others. The strains exhibited multidrug resistance, with the highest resistance to gentamicin (77%) and enrofloxacin (73%).

The study identified various carbapenem resistance genes such as bla KPC, bla KPC-3, bla KPC-2, bla NDM, and bla OXA-232, as well as aminoglycoside resistance genes like aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib, and others. It also found sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), beta-lactam resistance genes (bla TEM, bla OXA), and quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1).

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Egypt, including blaOXA-23, ISAb1-amplified_blaADC, blaNDM-1, blaGES-11, armA, aac(6')-Ib9, aph(3')-VI, and sul1, along with mutations in adeS, baeS, and carO contributing to tigecycline and carbapenem resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Alexandria, Egypt, including bla OXA-51-like variants, bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, bla PER-7, bla GES-like, and others, highlighting the widespread resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics.

The study identifies mcr-1.1 as a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene and characterizes several chromosomal mutations in mgrB, arnT, pmrA, pmrB, pmrC, phoQ, and arnB that contribute to colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates from Egypt.

The study characterizes bla NDM-1-harboring plasmids in clinical Providencia rettgeri isolates from Argentina, highlighting the presence of various resistance genes such as bla NDM-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, bla PER-2, qnr D1, sul1, sul2, arr3, catB3, floR, mph(E), msr(E), and tet(A).

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in blaNDM-1-positive Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, trimethoprim resistance genes, and quaternary ammonium resistance genes.

The study identified a pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (Kp196) with a complex resistome comprising numerous acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms, including multiple beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance proteins, and mutations in genes involved in colistin, tigecycline, and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies tet(X4) and tmexCD1-toprJ1 as key genes contributing to tigecycline resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from hospital sewage, highlighting the role of plasmid-mediated resistance and efflux pump overexpression.

The study identified several aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from northern Jordan, including aac(6')-Ib, aac(3')-II, ant(3")-I, aph(3')-VI, armA, rmtB, qnrS, qnrB, oqxAB, and aac(6')-Ib-cr. These genes were significantly associated with non-susceptibility to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and beta-lactams.

The study characterizes various AMR genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including blaOXA-23, blaPER-7, blaGES-11, blaGES-35, aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib, sul1, sul2, mph(E), msr(E), armA, strA, strB, cmlA5, arr-2, ant(3'')-II, aadA1-pm, tet(B), tet(39), qacEΔ1, and dfrA7.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 isolates, including bla NDM-5, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla OXA-232, bla OXA-48, aadA1, aph(3')-VI, bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B/C, bla OXA-9, truncated catA1, qnrS1, sul1, dfrA5, mph(A), erm(B), aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib3, sul2, aph(3')-Ia, rmtB, fosA, oqxAB, bla SHV-11/67, arr-3, and catB3.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in Gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal sepsis in LMICs, including ESBLs, carbapenemases, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, highlighting the high prevalence of multidrug resistance and the need for effective antibiotic combinations.

The study identified aac(6')-Ib, ant(2'')-Ia, and aph(3')-VI as the primary aminoglycoside resistance genes in P. aeruginosa isolates from Ardabil hospitals, with aac(6')-Ib being the most prevalent.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in the MDR-KP isolate WSF99, including various beta-lactamases, carbapenemase, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, and others, highlighting the complex resistance profile of this high-risk clone.

The study identifies mcr-8 and mcr-9 genes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolates from Thailand, highlighting their role in colistin resistance. It also characterizes additional AMR genes such as bla NDM-1, bla IMP-14, and various other resistance determinants.

The study identifies the NDM-1-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST357 as an extensively drug-resistant strain with a unique resistome, highlighting the importance of tracking the origin of such isolates through genomic epidemiology.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains from a neonatal ICU in Egypt, highlighting the presence of various beta-lactamase genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.

The study identifies the spread of NDM-1-producing Providencia stuartii in Romania, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance genes including bla NDM-1, bla OXA-10, bla CMY-4, bla CMY-16, bla CMY-194, qnrD2, armA, aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib3, rmtC, dfrA14, dfrA12, sul1, and sul2.

The study characterized the phenotypic and genotypic features of one IMP-8-producing and four NDM-1-producing plasmids in Acinetobacter spp. strains isolated in 2010, highlighting the presence of various resistance genes including blaIMP-8, blaNDM-1, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-IId, msr(E), mph(E), sul1, sul2, tet(39), and aph(3')-VI.

The study identifies carbapenem resistance genes such as bla OXA-23-like, bla OXA-24-like, bla OXA-51-like, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-58-like, and bla IMP in Acinetobacter baumannii and non-A. baumannii strains in Taiwan. It highlights the prevalence of these genes and their association with carbapenem resistance.

This review highlights the pathogenesis, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance genes of Riemerella anatipestifer, emphasizing its significance in poultry farming and the need for further research on its resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including bla NDM-1, aph(3')-VI, bla ADC-25, bla OXA-23, bla CARB-16, and bla OXA-91, in ST164 bla NDM-1-positive Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intestinal colonization in China.

The study identifies bla(NDM-1), bla(OXA-114), and bla(PSE-1) as carbapenem resistance genes in Achromobacter xylosoxidans isolates from Myanmar, along with aminoglycoside modifying enzymes such as aac(6')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, ant(4')-Iib, and aph(3')-VI.

The study identifies various acquired antibiotic resistance genes in Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter spp. in the Western Balkans and Hungary, including beta-lactamases like bla VIM-2-like, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-23, and bla OXA-66, aminoglycoside resistance genes such as aacA4, aadA2, and aphA, sulfonamide resistance gene sul1, and others. These genes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance in the region.

The study identifies a novel Acinetobacter species co-harboring chromosomal tet(X3) and plasmid-associated bla(NDM-1) genes, demonstrating resistance to multiple antibiotics including carbapenems and tetracyclines.

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae, highlighting knowledge gaps in existing annotation tools and databases for accurate resistance prediction.