Browse AMR Genes

Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature

apmA

protein of 274 amino acids

NCBI Pathogen Isolates

Bacterial genomes carrying this gene

NCBI Reference Gene Catalog

Known alleles and reference sequences

Protein entries specific to apmA

Browse AMR rules for apmA

Validation StatusConfirmed2+ DBs

Overview

Mechanism: acetylation of apramycin
Validation Method: NsiI deletion resulting in decreased apramycin MICs
Drug Classes: Apramycin, APRAMYCIN, Spectinomycin, Gentamicin, Aminoglycoside
Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter coli, Escherichia coli BW25113 Δ tolC Δ bamB, Enterococcus faecium
Geographic Location: France|Portugal, Germany|United Kingdom|Ireland|France|Malta|Abu Dhabi|Hong Kong|Australia|Trinidad & Tobago|United States|Italy|Spain|Portugal|Switzerland|Canada|Middle East|USA|Asia|UK
Alleles: 2
Papers: 6
Databases: Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogReslit

Allele Variants2

Allele	Database	Papers	Drug Classes	Organisms	Countries	Years	Sequence Accession	Protein Accession
ApmA	Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogReslit	8	Apramycin, APRAMYCIN +3	Staphylococcus aureus +4	Germany\|United Kingdom\|Ireland\|France\|Malta\|Abu Dhabi\|Hong Kong\|Australia\|Trinidad & Tobago\|United States\|Italy\|Spain\|Portugal\|Switzerland\|Canada\|Middle East\|USA\|Asia\|UK, France\|Portugal

Papers6

1

Novel apramycin resistance gene apmA in bovine and porcine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates.

PMID 20876371 · 2011

The study identifies a novel apramycin resistance gene, apmA, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates from bovine and porcine sources. The gene was shown to confer resistance to apramycin through acetylation, and its presence was confirmed in additional isolates using PCR.

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: ApmA
Encodes: protein of 274 amino acids
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: acetylation of apramycin
Confers Resistance To: Apramycin
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
• Escherichia coli
Validation Method: NsiI deletion resulting in decreased apramycin MICs
Sequence Accession: FN806789

2

Novel apramycin resistance gene apmA in bovine and porcine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates.

PMID 20876371 · 2011

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: ApmA
Encodes: aminocyclitol acetyltransferase ApmA
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: APRAMYCIN
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Sequence Accession: FN806789.3
Protein Accession: CBL58181.1
Notes: ARO:3003918

3

Novel apramycin resistance gene apmA in bovine and porcine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates.

PMID 20876371 · 2011

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: ApmA
Encodes: aminocyclitol acetyltransferase ApmA
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: APRAMYCIN
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Sequence Accession: FN806789.3
Protein Accession: CBL58181.1
Notes: ARO:3003918

4

A field guide to pandemic, epidemic and sporadic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID 21494333 · 2011

The study characterizes various methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones, highlighting their antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated markers, with a focus on SCC mec types and PVL status.

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: ApmA
Encodes: apramycin resistance protein
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Apramycin
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Geographic Location: Germany|United Kingdom|Ireland|France|Malta|Abu Dhabi|Hong Kong|Australia|Trinidad & Tobago|United States|Italy|Spain|Portugal|Switzerland|Canada|Middle East|USA|Asia|UK
Validation Method: cloning in E. coli + disk diffusion
Sequence Accession: BX571857.1|CP000046|CP000255|CP000730|EF672356|AF188836|M94872.1|AB12129

5

Unusual small plasmids carrying the novel resistance genes dfrK or apmA isolated from methicillin-resistant or -susceptible staphylococci.

PMID 22718530 · 2012

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: ApmA
Encodes: aminocyclitol acetyltransferase ApmA
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Confers Resistance To: APRAMYCIN
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Sequence Accession: HE611647.1
Protein Accession: CCE60912.1

6

Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter Isolates: a Focus on Aminoglycoside Resistance Determinants.

PMID 29976591 · 2018

The study identified two new aminoglycoside phosphotransferase genes (aph(2")-Ii1 and aph(2")-Ii2) associated with gentamicin resistance, a lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase gene (lnu(G)) linked to lincomycin resistance, and new resistance enzymes (apmA and spw) potentially conferring resistance to spectinomycin and gentamicin. Additionally, ant(6)-Ig and ant(6)-If were found to be associated with streptomycin resistance, while ant(9)-Ic was linked to spectinomycin resistance.

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: ApmA
Encodes: aminocyclitol acetyltransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: SpectinomycinGentamicin
Organisms Tested In: • Campylobacter coli
Geographic Location: France|Portugal
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and functional analysis
Sequence Accession: KX931102|KX931103|KX931104|KX931105|KX931106|KX931107|KX931108|KX931109|KX931110|KX931111

7

ApmA Is a Unique Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Acetyltransferase That Inactivates Apramycin.

PMID 33563840 · 2021

ApmA is a novel aminoglycoside acetyltransferase that confers high-level resistance to apramycin by acetylating the 2′-NH2 group of the octadiose element.

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: ApmA
Encodes: N-acetyltransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: acetylation
Confers Resistance To: Apramycin
Organisms Tested In: • Escherichia coli BW25113 Δ tolC Δ bamB
Validation Method: susceptibility testing and structural analysis
Sequence Accession: FN806789.3

8

Mechanistic plasticity in ApmA enables aminoglycoside promiscuity for resistance.

PMID 37973888 · 2024

ApmA is an N-acetyltransferase that confers broad-spectrum aminoglycoside resistance by acetylating the N2' position of various aminoglycosides, including apramycin, paromomycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin B.

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: ApmA
Encodes: N-acetyltransferase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Aminoglycoside
Organisms Tested In: • Escherichia coli
• Enterococcus faecium
Validation Method: mutagenesis and cell-based assays
Sequence Accession: 7UUJ|7UUK|7UUL|7UUM|7UUN|7UUO

9

Gene Information

Gene Name: apmA
Allele: apmA
Encodes: AAC(2')
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Sequence Accession: FN806789.3
Protein Accession: CBL58181.1
Notes: ARO:3003918