The penicillin-susceptible Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain encodes two beta-lactamase genes, bla1 and bla2, which confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalosporins when cloned in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis.

The study identifies mutations in the rsiP gene that are associated with penicillin resistance in Bacillus anthracis, but not all strains with these mutations exhibit resistance.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Arcobacter butzleri strains isolated from shellfish, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and macrolides.

The study identifies ten AMR genes in B. anthracis, highlighting their distribution across global isolates and their association with population genomic structure. Key genes include mph L, bla 1, fos B, bla 2, vml R, bcII, tem -116, cfr C, dfr G, and oxa -59, each with distinct resistance mechanisms and geographic prevalence.

The study identifies four beta-lactamases (Bla1, Bla2, Bla3, Bla4) and two penicillin-binding proteins (PbpN and DacC) regulated by σ P in Bacillus thuringiensis, which contribute to resistance against various β-lactam antibiotics.

The study reports the development of hydroxamic acid compounds (Compounds 4 and 6) that inhibit the metallo-beta-lactamase Bla2 from Bacillus anthracis, which is responsible for β-lactam antibiotic resistance. The compounds show competitive inhibition with IC50 values in the micromolar range and bind to the active site zinc ions of Bla2.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla1, bla2, ermA, tetA, and tetB, in multidrug-resistant Bacillus cereus isolates from meat and meat products.