Browse AMR Genes

Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature

blaRTG

RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-8

NCBI Pathogen Isolates

Bacterial genomes carrying this gene

NCBI Reference Gene Catalog

Known alleles and reference sequences

Protein entries specific to blaRTG

Browse AMR rules for blaRTG

Validation StatusConfirmed2+ DBs

Overview

Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Validation Method: cloning in E. coli + MIC testing
Drug Classes: AMOXICILLIN, AMPICILLIN, PIPERACILLIN, BETA-LACTAM, Cefepime, CEPHALOSPORIN, CEFEPIME, AMPICILLIN+CLAVULANIC ACID, PIPERACILLIN+TAZOBACTAM, Carbapenem, Penicillin, Beta-lactams, Cephalosporin
Organisms: Oligella urethralis, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Psychrobacter maritimus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus, Gallibacterium anatis, Pseudomonas paraeruginosa
Geographic Location: Argentina|Brazil|USA|Germany|Chile|Czech Republic|Hungary|Spain|Turkey|Afghanistan|Ukraine, Argentina|Canada|Germany|United States, Asia|South America|North America|Europe|Africa, Belgium, China +4 more
Alleles: 11
Papers: 17
Databases: Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder DatabaseReslit

Allele Variants11

Allele	Database	Papers	Drug Classes	Organisms	Countries	Years	Sequence Accession	Protein Accession
blaCARB-8	Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder DatabaseReslit	5	AMOXICILLIN, AMPICILLIN +3	Oligella urethralis +1	Belgium	2003, 2020

Papers17

1

Chromosomal integration of a cephalosporinase gene from Acinetobacter baumannii into Oligella urethralis as a source of acquired resistance to beta-lactams.

PMID 12709319 · 2003

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-8
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: AMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Oligella urethralis
Sequence Accession: AY178993
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-3

2

Chromosomal integration of a cephalosporinase gene from Acinetobacter baumannii into Oligella urethralis as a source of acquired resistance to beta-lactams.

PMID 12709319 · 2003

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-8
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-8
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Oligella urethralis
Sequence Accession: AY178993.1
Protein Accession: AAO59455.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-3

3

Chromosomal integration of a cephalosporinase gene from Acinetobacter baumannii into Oligella urethralis as a source of acquired resistance to beta-lactams.

PMID 12709319 · 2003

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-8
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-8
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Oligella urethralis
Sequence Accession: AY178993.1
Protein Accession: AAO59455.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-3

4

Chromosomal integration of a cephalosporinase gene from Acinetobacter baumannii into Oligella urethralis as a source of acquired resistance to beta-lactams.

PMID 12709319 · 2003

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-8
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-8, CARB beta-lactamase
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation, antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Oligella urethralis
Sequence Accession: AY178993.1
Protein Accession: AAO59455.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-3, ARO:3002247

5

Molecular characterization of class 1 integrons in clinical strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated in Slovakia.

PMID 17419185 · 2007

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-50
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: AMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Sequence Accession: 52478
Notes: Class A, manually predicted phenotype

6

Nucleotide sequence and characterization of a carbenicillin-hydrolyzing penicillinase gene from Proteus mirabilis.

PMID 1840585 · 1991

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-54
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-54
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAM
Organisms Tested In: • Proteus mirabilis
Sequence Accession: D13209.1
Protein Accession: BAA02496.1
Notes: ARO:3005588

7

Nucleotide sequence and characterization of a carbenicillin-hydrolyzing penicillinase gene from Proteus mirabilis.

PMID 1840585 · 1991

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-54
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-54
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAM
Organisms Tested In: • Proteus mirabilis
Sequence Accession: D13209.1
Protein Accession: BAA02496.1
Notes: ARO:3005588

8

Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 19380596 · 2009

The study identifies RTG-4, a novel extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase from Acinetobacter baumannii, which confers resistance to cefepime and cefpirome through hydrolysis.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaRTG-4
Encodes: beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: hydrolysis
Confers Resistance To: Cefepime
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
• Escherichia coli
Validation Method: cloning in E. coli + MIC testing
Sequence Accession: EU850412

9

Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 19380596 · 2009

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-10
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CARB-10
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: CEPHALOSPORINAMOXICILLINCEFEPIMEAMPICILLIN+CLAVULANIC ACIDAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN+TAZOBACTAMPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: EU850412.1
Protein Accession: ACJ61335.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-4

10

Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 19380596 · 2009

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-10
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CARB-10
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: CEPHALOSPORINAMOXICILLINCEFEPIMEAMPICILLIN+CLAVULANIC ACIDAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN+TAZOBACTAMPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: EU850412.1
Protein Accession: ACJ61335.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-4

11

Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 19380596 · 2009

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-10
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CARB-10, CARB beta-lactamase
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation, antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: CEPHALOSPORINAMOXICILLINCEFEPIMEAMPICILLIN+CLAVULANIC ACIDAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN+TAZOBACTAMPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: EU850412.1
Protein Accession: ACJ61335.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-4, ARO:3002249

12

Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 19380596 · 2009

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-10
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: AMOXICILLINCEFEPIMEAMPICILLIN+CLAVULANIC ACIDAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN+TAZOBACTAMPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: EU850412
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-4

13

A novel and hybrid composite transposon at the origin of acquisition of bla(RTG-5) in Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 22633451 · 2012

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-14
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-14
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: JQ364968.1
Protein Accession: AFI72872.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-5

14

A novel and hybrid composite transposon at the origin of acquisition of bla(RTG-5) in Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 22633451 · 2012

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-14
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: AMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: JQ364968
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-5

15

A novel and hybrid composite transposon at the origin of acquisition of bla(RTG-5) in Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 22633451 · 2012

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-14
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-14, CARB beta-lactamase
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation, antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: JQ364968.1
Protein Accession: AFI72872.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-5, ARO:3002252

16

A novel and hybrid composite transposon at the origin of acquisition of bla(RTG-5) in Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 22633451 · 2012

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-14
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-14
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: JQ364968.1
Protein Accession: AFI72872.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-5

17

DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates.

PMID 23856783 · 2013

The study developed a DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, identifying numerous resistance genes and mutations associated with carbapenem, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and other antibiotic resistances.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaRTG
Encodes: beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: Germany
Validation Method: microarray analysis

18

Genetic structure and biological properties of the first ancient multiresistance plasmid pKLH80 isolated from a permafrost bacterium.

PMID 25063046 · 2014

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: AMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Psychrobacter maritimus
Sequence Accession: HF953351
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-6

19

Genetic structure and biological properties of the first ancient multiresistance plasmid pKLH80 isolated from a permafrost bacterium.

PMID 25063046 · 2014

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-16
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Psychrobacter maritimus
Sequence Accession: HF953351.1
Protein Accession: CCW43444.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-6

20

Genetic structure and biological properties of the first ancient multiresistance plasmid pKLH80 isolated from a permafrost bacterium.

PMID 25063046 · 2014

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-16
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Psychrobacter maritimus
Sequence Accession: HF953351.1
Protein Accession: CCW43444.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-6

21

Genetic structure and biological properties of the first ancient multiresistance plasmid pKLH80 isolated from a permafrost bacterium.

PMID 25063046 · 2014

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-16, CARB beta-lactamase
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation, antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Psychrobacter maritimus
Sequence Accession: HF953351.1
Protein Accession: CCW43444.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-6, ARO:3002255

22

Novel carbenicillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase (CARB-5) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus.

PMID 2786828 · 1989

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-5
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: AMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus
Sequence Accession: AF135373
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-2

23

Novel carbenicillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase (CARB-5) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus.

PMID 2786828 · 1989

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-5
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-5
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus
Sequence Accession: AF135373.1
Protein Accession: AAF61417.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-2

24

Novel carbenicillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase (CARB-5) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus.

PMID 2786828 · 1989

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-5
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-5, CARB beta-lactamase
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation, antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus
Sequence Accession: AF135373.1
Protein Accession: AAF61417.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-2, ARO:3002244

25

Novel carbenicillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase (CARB-5) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus.

PMID 2786828 · 1989

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-5
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-5
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus
Sequence Accession: AF135373.1
Protein Accession: AAF61417.1
Notes: Class A;Alternative name RTG-2

26

Isolation of Drug-Resistant Gallibacterium anatis from Calves with Unresponsive Bronchopneumonia, Belgium.

PMID 32186507 · 2020

The study identified 24 different antimicrobial-resistance determinants in Gallibacterium anatis isolates from calves with unresponsive bronchopneumonia, including novel resistance genes such as aadA23, blaCARB-8, tet(Y), and qnrD1.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-8
Encodes: carbapenemase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Penicillin
Organisms Tested In: • Gallibacterium anatis
Geographic Location: Belgium
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Sequence Accession: PRJNA541488

27

Genomic analysis reveals high virulence and antibiotic resistance amongst phage susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 32999368 · 2020

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in phage-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii strains, including sulfonamide, tetracycline, beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolide, and phenicol resistance genes. These findings highlight the complex resistance profiles of these strains and their potential implications for therapeutic strategies.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16/49/5
Encodes: beta-lactam resistance
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Beta-lactams
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: Thailand|Nepal
Validation Method: genomic sequence analysis
Sequence Accession: PRJEB32181|JABCNM000000000|JABCNJ000000000|JABCNK000000000|JABCNI000000000|JABCNL000000000|JABCNH000000000

28

Genomics unveils country-to-country transmission between animal hospitals of a multidrug-resistant and sequence type 2 Acinetobacter baumannii clone.

PMID 39401062 · 2024

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clone, including blaCARB-16, tetA, gyrA, parC, IS26, ABGRI1, ABGRI2, aphA1, strA, and strB, which contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16
Encodes: beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: PenicillinCephalosporin
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: France
Validation Method: plasmid analysis and sequencing
Sequence Accession: PRJNA1023193

29

Longitudinal genomics reveals carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii population changes with emergence of highly resistant ST164 clone.

PMID 39488505 · 2024

The study identifies the emergence of the highly resistant ST164 clone of Acinetobacter baumannii in an ICU setting, highlighting the presence of multiple carbapenemase genes including bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, bla CARB-16, and ampC.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16
Encodes: beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: China
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and MIC testing
Sequence Accession: CP079845|CP079846|CP079847|CP079848|CP079849|CP079850|CP079851|CP079852|PRJNA1034534

30

Analysis of Acinetobacter P-type type IV secretion system-encoding plasmid diversity uncovers extensive secretion system conservation and diverse antibiotic resistance determinants.

PMID 39494882 · 2024

This study identified 17 distinct antibiotic resistance genes across 53 P-type T4SS-encoding plasmids in Acinetobacter species, including various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and others, highlighting the significant diversity of resistance determinants carried by these plasmids.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16
Encodes: Beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: Asia|South America|North America|Europe|Africa
Validation Method: Sequence analysis

31

Phylogenomics, evolution and origin of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST15.

PMID 40673430 · 2025

The study identifies multiple carbapenem resistance genes, including blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-219, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-253, and blaOXA-72, as well as other resistance genes such as aphA6 and sul2, in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST15 strains.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-10
Encodes: beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: hydrolysis
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: Argentina|Brazil|USA|Germany|Chile|Czech Republic|Hungary|Spain|Turkey|Afghanistan|Ukraine
Validation Method: plasmid cloning and sequencing
Sequence Accession: CP179883|CP179884|CP179885|CP179886|CP179880|CP179881|CP179882|CP179875|CP179876|CP179877|CP179878|CP179879|CP179872|CP179873|CP179874|CP179869|CP179870|CP179871|CP004359.1|CP033871|EU850412|CP048654

32

Phylogenomics, evolution and origin of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST15.

PMID 40673430 · 2025

The study identifies multiple carbapenem resistance genes, including blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-219, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-253, and blaOXA-72, as well as other resistance genes such as aphA6 and sul2, in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST15 strains.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-50
Encodes: beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: hydrolysis
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: Argentina|Brazil|USA|Germany|Chile|Czech Republic|Hungary|Spain|Turkey|Afghanistan|Ukraine
Validation Method: plasmid cloning and sequencing
Sequence Accession: CP179883|CP179884|CP179885|CP179886|CP179880|CP179881|CP179882|CP179875|CP179876|CP179877|CP179878|CP179879|CP179872|CP179873|CP179874|CP179869|CP179870|CP179871|CP004359.1|CP033871|EU850412|CP048654

33

Comparative genomics of Pseudomonas paraeruginosa.

PMID 40709931 · 2025

The study identifies various AMR genes and mutations in Pseudomonas paraeruginosa, including carbapenemases like blaVIM-2, blaVIM-6, blaVIM-28, and blaKPC-2, as well as efflux pump genes (mexAB-oprM, mexCD-oprJ, etc.), and mutations in oprD, mexS, mexR, mexZ, lasR, mvfR, and vqsM that contribute to antibiotic resistance.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-5
Encodes: beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Pseudomonas paraeruginosa
Geographic Location: Argentina|Canada|Germany|United States
Validation Method: mutational analysis and MIC testing
Sequence Accession: CP000744|JAOYTE010000034|JAPHNP010000117|NZ_JAPHNN010000169|LLLP01000037|LLNU01000093|RXTD01000086|RXTL01000080|DAFOAA010000053|DAFSFU010000036|DAFQBL010000010|JAWLON010000026|DAHOAI010000026|NZ_CP027170|NZ_CP029094|CP109657|JAOYTE00000000|JAPHNN00000000|JAPHNO00000000|JAPHNP00000000|JAOWAL00000000

34

Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii International Clone 12 predominantly found in the Middle East.

PMID 41313692 · 2025

The study identifies multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii International Clone 12, including bla OXA-23, bla GES-11, bla GES-12, bla GES-22, bla GES-35, bla CARB-16, bla CARB-49, aphA6a, aadB, strA, strB, cmlA1, aadA2b, sul1, drfA7, dfrA1, qacE, tet(B), tet(X3), msr(E), mph(E), bla TEM-1B, and aacC3. These genes contribute to resistance against various antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms in this clone.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-49
Encodes: Ambler class D beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: Hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: Middle East|Europe|Asia|South America|Peru|Egypt|Saudi Arabia|Denmark|Pakistan|Jordan|Iraq|Lebanon|China|Ghana
Validation Method: Genomic sequencing and presence in 2 isolates
Sequence Accession: PRJNA1015678|CP091372.1|CP102817.1|CP031382.1|GU978998.1|WP_019767308.1|CP077374.1|KU744946.1|CP121593.1

35

Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii International Clone 12 predominantly found in the Middle East.

PMID 41313692 · 2025

The study identifies multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii International Clone 12, including bla OXA-23, bla GES-11, bla GES-12, bla GES-22, bla GES-35, bla CARB-16, bla CARB-49, aphA6a, aadB, strA, strB, cmlA1, aadA2b, sul1, drfA7, dfrA1, qacE, tet(B), tet(X3), msr(E), mph(E), bla TEM-1B, and aacC3. These genes contribute to resistance against various antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms in this clone.

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-16
Encodes: Ambler class D beta-lactamase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: Hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Geographic Location: Middle East|Europe|Asia|South America|Peru|Egypt|Saudi Arabia|Denmark|Pakistan|Jordan|Iraq|Lebanon|China|Ghana
Validation Method: Genomic sequencing and presence in 1 isolate
Sequence Accession: PRJNA1015678|CP091372.1|CP102817.1|CP031382.1|GU978998.1|WP_019767308.1|CP077374.1|KU744946.1|CP121593.1

36

PMID unpublished

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-49
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: AMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: KX599396
Notes: Class A, manually predicted phenotype

37

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-54
Encodes: CARB beta-lactamase
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Organisms Tested In: • Proteus mirabilis
Sequence Accession: NG_070176.1
Protein Accession: WP_179284317.1
Notes: ARO:3005588

38

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-49
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-49
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: KX599396.1
Protein Accession: ANW47155.1
Notes: Class A, manually predicted phenotype

39

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-49
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-49
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: KX599396.1
Protein Accession: ANW47155.1
Notes: Class A, manually predicted phenotype

40

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-50
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-50
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAM
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: MG717455.1
Protein Accession: AXH79875.1
Notes: ARO:3005584

41

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-50
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-50
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAM
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: MG717455.1
Protein Accession: AXH79875.1
Notes: ARO:3005584

42

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-49
Encodes: CARB beta-lactamase
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: NG_051466.1
Protein Accession: WP_068981631.1
Notes: ARO:3005583

43

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-50
Encodes: CARB beta-lactamase
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic inactivation
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: NG_063836.1
Protein Accession: WP_128268233.1
Notes: ARO:3005584

44

Gene Information

Gene Name: blaRTG
Allele: blaCARB-49
Encodes: RTG family carbenicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase CARB-49
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: Enzymatic inactivation
Confers Resistance To: BETA-LACTAMAMOXICILLINAMPICILLINPIPERACILLIN
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Sequence Accession: KX599396.1
Protein Accession: ANW47155.1
Notes: Class A, manually predicted phenotype