The study demonstrates that natural transformation facilitates the transfer of transposons, integrons, and gene cassettes between bacterial species, leading to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance traits. Specific resistance genes such as aadB, blaIMP-5, blaOXA-30, dfrA12, aadA2, and aacA4 were identified and characterized.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in the multidrug-resistant plasmid pR148 from Aeromonas hydrophila, including blaOXA-10, aadA1, sul1, catA2, and tetA, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines, respectively.

The study identified several AMR genes in Morganella morganii KT, including ampC, metallo-beta-lactamase genes (MM2254, MM2308, MM2606), tetAJ, catA2, bcr, and ksgA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, carbapenems, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, bicyclomycin, and kasugamycin.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Pseudomonas spp. isolated from slaughterhouse surfaces, including beta-lactamases (bla CTX, bla TEM), sulfonamide resistance (sulII), trimethoprim resistance (dfrD), tetracycline resistance (tetQ), erythromycin resistance (ereA), and chloramphenicol resistance (catA2).

The study identified the chloramphenicol resistance gene catA2 and the kanamycin resistance gene aphA-3 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from retail shrimps in Malaysia.

The study characterizes various antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in Aeromonas strains, highlighting the presence of beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and others. These genes are often located on plasmids and contribute to multidrug resistance.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant Morganella morganii isolate carrying the qnrD1 gene, along with various other antibiotic resistance genes such as aadA1y, aph(3')-Ic, strA-strB, blaOXA-1, catA2, catB3, sul2, dfrA1, tetY, and sat2.

The study reports the draft genome sequences of two pandrug-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolates carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-6, sul1, sul2, rmtC, aacA4, aac(6')Ib-c, strA, strB, dfrA18, qnrA1, catA2, aac(6')-Ic, tet(41), and ampC.

The study characterizes various AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae panel strains, including beta-lactamases (bla SHV-11, bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M15, bla OXA-1, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-187, bla SHV-158, bla DHA-1, bla CMY-2), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aac(6')-Ib, strA, strB, aadA1, aadA2), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB66, qnrB4, oqxA, oqxB), tetracycline resistance (tet(A)), trimethoprim resistance (dfrA14), sulfonamide resistance (sul1, sul2), and porin genes (OmpK35, OmpK36).

The study identifies several phenicol resistance genes (catA1, catA2, flo, flo-R) and highlights the role of acrR mutations in increasing phenicol resistance through overexpression of the AcrAB efflux pump.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from pigs and abattoir workers in Cameroon, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, bla SHV-28, and others, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and their potential for zoonotic transmission.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in the newly described species Superficieibacter electus, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and others, indicating its ability to resist various antibiotics.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of a tigecycline-resistant Enterobacter cloacae ST93 clinical isolate, TREC1, which harbors multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including those encoding resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and tetracyclines. The isolate is resistant to all antibiotics tested except colistin.

The study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in the emerging Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 lineage, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms including carbapenemases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and various other resistance genes.

The study characterizes a carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae strain, PIMB10EC27, which carries multiple resistance genes including blaNDM-1, blaSHV-12, and qnrS1, as well as mutations in pmrB and pmrC that may contribute to colistin resistance.

The study identified multiple metallo-beta-lactamase genes, including blaNDM-1, blaIMP-26, blaIMP-4, blaIMP-1, blaVIM-4, and blaKPC-2, as major contributors to carbapenem resistance in Enterobacter cloacae isolates from three hospitals in China.

The study reports the identification of a multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii strain R17 carrying 13 antibiotic-resistance genes, including blaCMY-85, aadA2, aac(3)-lld, blaDHA-1, blaTEM-1B, qnrB4, mph(A), catA2, sul1, sul2, tet(D), and dfrA12, which confer resistance to various antibiotic classes.

The study identifies blaKPC-2 as the dominant carbapenemase gene in clinical CRKP isolates, along with various ESBLs and other resistance genes such as blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, aac(3)-IId, rmtB, QnrS1, oqxA, oqxB, fosA, catA1, catA2, dfrA1, and dfrA17.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Haemophilus influenzae, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer in the development of multidrug resistance. Key findings include the identification of blaTEM-1, catA2-like, tet(B), and catP genes, as well as mutations in the ftsI gene that confer resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in retail raw milk, including bla CMY-2, aph (3')-Ib, aph (6)-Id, bla TEM-1B, mdf(A), catA2, sul2, tet(B), and dfrA14, which confer resistance to various antibiotics. These genes were found in E. coli and other bacteria, and some were transferable between species.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identified several extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-8, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-14, and bla CTX-M-55, along with mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.1 for colistin resistance. Additionally, various other resistance genes such as qnrS1, mdf(A), mph(A), and others were found in the isolates, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from Kenya, including blaTEM-1, aadA1, strA, strB, catA1, dhfr1, sul1, and sul2, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-6, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-69, blaOXA-91, blaOXA-181, blaOXA-50) and other resistance genes (such as armA, rmtC, rmtF, aac(3)-I, aadA1, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, aph(3')-Via, aph(6')-Id, mphE, msrE, mphA, ereA, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA20, sul1, sul2, tetB, tetD, tetG, tet39, qnrVC1, qnrS1, qnrB4, floR, catA1, catA2, catB3, catB7, cmlA1, cmlA5, arr-3, arr-2, sat2, acrF, mdtM, emrD, mexA, mexE, mexX, kdeA, oxa-10, oxa-395, oxa-396, oxa-846, adc-25, dha-1, act-16, cmY, ctx-m-15, shv-67, tem-1b) in carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria in Kenya, highlighting the diversity and prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identified NDM-1, TEM-1B, and SHV-12 carbapenemase genes along with various other AMR genes in Leclercia adecarboxylata isolates causing an outbreak linked to contaminated TPN.

This study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Pasteurella multocida, including aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, tetracycline, macrolide, and sulfonamide resistance genes, highlighting the diverse resistance mechanisms present in this pathogen.

The study identified various beta-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli strains from Australian fruit bats, highlighting the presence of multiple AMR genes such as bla TEM-1A, bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-27, bla NDM-5, and others, indicating anthropogenic origins of these resistant strains.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in ST11-KL64 CRKP isolates, including bla KPC-2, rmtB, catA2, fosA, qnrS1, sul2, tet(A), aadA2, dfrA14, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-1B, iucABCD, iutA, rmpA2, and mutations in GyrA (S83I, D87G) and ParC (S80I).

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in the pandrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strain DJ, including carbapenemases (bla NDM-5, bla OXA-181, bla CTX-M-15), aminoglycoside resistance genes (rmtB, rmtF, aac(6')-Ib, aadA2, strAB), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA12), polymyxin resistance gene (mgrB), tetracycline resistance gene (ramR), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catA2, catB), fosfomycin resistance gene (fosA), and macrolide resistance genes (mphA, ermB). Mutations in gyrA, parC, ompK35, ompK36, and ramR contribute to resistance to fluoroquinolones, polymyxins, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics.

The study identified various AMR genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from humans and animals on St. Kitts, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1b, bla TEM-206, bla OXA-1, and others, highlighting host-specific differences in resistance profiles.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from Kuwait, including beta-lactamases (blaKPC-2, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-4, blaTEM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IIa, aph(6)-Id, aadA5), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), quinolone resistance genes (gyrA_D87N, qnrB1), and others. Colistin resistance was linked to the pmrB_R256G mutation.

The study identified multiple AMR genes on IncHI5 plasmids in Klebsiella michiganensis, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-3, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-12, blaIMP-4, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-16, blaSFO-1, blaSIM-1), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aacA4, arr3, aadA5, gcu37, dfrA1), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catA2), streptomycin resistance genes (strA, strB), macrolide resistance genes (msrAB, mph(A)), and quaternary ammonium compound resistance gene (qacG2).

The study identifies a novel transposon Tn7376 and a genomic island MMGI-4 in a multidrug-resistant Morganella morganii isolate, carrying multiple antimicrobial resistance genes including dfrA24, mph(A), aadA1, sul1, floR, catA2, cmlA1, aph(3')-Ia, aac(6')-Ib-cr, tet(A), tet(B), arr-3, blaTEM-1B, blaDHA-17, blaCARB-2, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-3, and fosA3.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Japan, highlighting the presence of ESBLs, carbapenemases, and other resistance determinants. It also reveals temperature-dependent variations in the HMV phenotype and the genetic diversity of the isolates.

The study identifies Tn7100, a novel integrative and conjugative element carrying six resistance genes: blaTEM-1B, catA2, aac(6')-Im, aph(2'')-Ib, mef(E), and mel, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae.

The study characterized various AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella isolates from the Philippines, highlighting the presence of ESBL genes, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, and mutations in gyrA and parC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-2, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aad A5, ant(2′′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-VI, aph(6)-Id, ermB, ermD, fosA3, fosA7, mdtM, emrD, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, tetM, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA82, dfrB4, qepA, qepA1, qepA2, qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, qacE, catA1, catA2, catB3, cmlA1, mphA.

The study identified bla TEM–1, rPBP3, catA2, tet(B), sul2, aph(3')-Ia, strA, and strB as significant antibiotic resistance genes in invasive Haemophilus influenzae isolates from Norway. Mutations in PBP3, GyrA, and ParC were also associated with resistance to beta-lactams and quinolones.

The study identified antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in marine mammals from the North and Baltic Seas, highlighting the presence of resistance genes such as blaTEM, strA, strB, aadA1, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), qnrS, floR, catA1, blaOXA-1-like, blaSHV, and blaCMY-2.

The study identifies various AMR genes in ESBL and/or AmpC-producing E. coli from small and medium pig farms in Thailand, highlighting the co-occurrence of resistance genes conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials.

The study identified 80 antibiotic resistance genes in 172 Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates, with a focus on beta-lactamases, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. Key genes included blaACT-2, blaACT-3, blaACT-6, blaACT-9, blaACT-12, blaTEM-1D, blaCTX-M-3, blaSHV-12, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaIMP-1, blaIMP-4, blaIMP-26, blaKPC-2, qnrS2, qnrE1, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-IIc, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA, sul2, dfrA12, tetA, ereA, floR, catA2, mcr-10, arr-6, and fosA3.

The study identifies a novel KPC variant, KPC-112, which confers resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam. Additionally, various other resistance genes and mutations were characterized, contributing to multidrug resistance in the isolate.

The study identified ESBL-producing E. coli in river water in northern Thailand, with bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-14, and bla CTX-M-27 being the most prevalent beta-lactamase genes. Additionally, mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.4 genes were found to confer resistance to colistin. Various other resistance genes were also characterized, including aac(3)-IId, aadA5, ant(3″)-Ia, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrS1, mdf(A), erm(B), mph(A), floR, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(X), tet(M), dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, cmlA1, catA2, lnu(F), and erm(42).

The study characterized antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg isolates from production animals in the United States, identifying genes such as aac(6')-Iaa, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-2, blaSHV-12, floR, catA2, qnrB2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA1, aadA2, sul1, sul2, tetA, and mcr-9.1, along with mutations in gyrA and parC genes contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identifies a diverse array of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes across various plasmid replicon types in enteric pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes in plasmids such as IncHI2, IncN, IncA/C, IncP, IncHI1, and IncFIA. Key AMR genes include aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIg, aac(6')-Ib3, aadA1, aadA5, aph(3'')-Ib, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-27, bla NDM-1, mcr-9.1, and others, which confer resistance to antibiotics such as gentamicin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, colistin, and tetracycline.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, including bla CTX-M-14, qnrS1, mcr-1.1, and others, highlighting the role of plasmids in the transfer of resistance genes between species.

The study identified the presence of the bla CTX-M-15 gene, which confers resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactams, along with other AMR genes such as aac(3)-IIa, bla TEM1-D, strAB, dfrA14, sul2, and catA2 in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST17. The yersiniabactin gene was also found to be present in the genomes.

The study identified silA and pcoD genes associated with copper tolerance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from poultry, and numerous chromosomal mutations linked to colistin resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) co-localized on plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from marine bivalves, highlighting the potential for co-selection of these genes in the marine environment.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Klebsiella isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1, bla SHV, and bla OXA-1, which confer resistance to beta-lactams. Other genes like aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB1, qnrB6, catA1, catA2, catB3, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA27, sul1, sul2, mph(A), tet(A), tet(D), fosA, ARR-3, and oqxAB were also found, contributing to resistance against aminoglycosides, quinolones, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, macrolides, tetracycline, fosfomycin, rifampicin, and quinolones respectively. Mutations in ompK36, ompK37, and acrR were associated with resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, while mutations in RamR were linked to tigecycline resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in the highly pathogenic Proteus mirabilis strain MCS, highlighting its multidrug-resistant profile. Key genes include tetA, aac(6')-Iq, aac(6')-Ib', aadA, dfrA1, blaOXA-9, blaCTX-M-2, vat, catA2, sul1, qacEdeltal, tetQ, blaTEM-135, aadA2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-lb, and sulI.

The study identified several β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, bla SHV12, bla CMY-2, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-106, and bla TEM-126, which confer resistance to various β-lactam antibiotics. Other resistance genes such as aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrS1, tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), aadA5, aadA2b, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA17, dfrA5, dfrA14, dfrA12, mph(A), cmlA1, catA2, aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, and lnu(F) were also characterized, providing insights into the multidrug resistance profiles of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from clams in the Central Adriatic.

The study identifies 23 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Agona isolate from a dietary supplement in Germany, conferring resistance to 12 different antibiotic classes. Key genes include blaSHV-12, aac(3)-Iig, aac(6')-Iic, aadA2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, dfrA19, qacEΔ1, ere(A), sul1, sul2, tet(D), mcr-9.1, catA2, arr, qnrS1, blaTEM-1, aac(3)-IIe, and floR.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from a rural environmental water body in India, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with genes such as bla VEB-6, bla SHV-12, bla NDM-1, bla CTX-M, and mcr-9, along with mutations in ompK 36 and gyrA.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Avibacterium paragallinarum, including aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, bla TEM-1B, catA2, sul2, tet(B), tet(H), and mcr-like, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and polymyxins.

The study identified 35 AMR genes and 30 chromosomal-mediated gene mutations in Salmonella strains from Bangkok canal water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to various antimicrobial classes.

The study identifies the widespread presence of blaCTX-M-15, catA1, catA2, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-II, and aadB genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, contributing to resistance against beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several carbapenem-resistant genes, including bla OXA-23, bla OXA-66, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-50, bla OXA-395, bla NDM-7, and bla NDM-5, in various bacterial species in Fiji.

The study reports the genomic characteristics of a multidrug-resistant ST11 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate SM117 with capsular serotype KL25, co-carrying bla NDM-5, two copies of bla KPC-2, and multiple plasmid-borne virulence genes. The isolate shows resistance to all antibiotics except polymyxin.

The study identifies catA1, catA2, catB3, catB4, cmlA1, and floR as functional chloramphenicol resistance genes, while catB4 is a non-functional variant due to IS 26-mediated truncation. IS 5 insertion into the catA1 promoter and IS 26-mediated deletion of catB3 lead to reduced or absent chloramphenicol resistance.

The study reports the genomic characterization of an extended-spectrum β-Lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate, Cow102, which exhibits multidrug resistance. It identifies several resistance genes, including blaSHV-1, blaSHV-11, blaSHV-13, blaSHV-26, blaSHV-70, blaSHV-78, blaSHV-98, blaSHV-145, blaTEM-1B, aadA2, catA2, catII, dfrA16, fosA, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, sul2, and tet(D).

The study identified multiple ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-3, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-42, bla DHA-1, bla CMY-2, bla CMY-3, bla CMY-46, bla CMY-101, bla ACT-16, bla CMH-like, and bla MIR-9, along with other AMR genes such as mcr-1, qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr5, and various tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, macrolide, lincosamide, and rifampicin resistance genes in Enterobacterales isolates from imported healthy reptiles.

The study identified several AMR genes in Morganella clinical isolates, including tet(B), sul1, catA2, sul2, floR, aadA1, and others, contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, including blaCTX-M-15, blaKPC-3, and others conferring resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella Stanley ST29, including beta-lactamases, quinolone resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, and others, contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified 50 acquired resistance genes and seven chromosomal-mediated gene mutations in Salmonella populations from Thai canal water, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies the expansion of multidrug-resistant Haemophilus influenzae clones with cefotaxime resistance, primarily due to mutations in the ftsI gene encoding penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3). These mutations lead to cross-resistance to multiple beta-lactam antibiotics.

Chloramphenicol use in oyster hatcheries selects for a highly transferable and modular resistance plasmid, pAQU-MAN, which carries the chloramphenicol resistance gene catA2 and the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B).

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from Nile tilapia, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM−1B, bla CTX−M−55, bla CTX−M−14, bla LAP−2), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1, qnrS13), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA2, aph(3’’)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(6’)-Ia), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), florfenicol resistance gene (floR), and efflux pump systems (mdsABC, mdtK).

The study identifies two canonical antibiotic resistance genes, catA2 and tetX, in the multidrug-resistant Sphingobacterium detergens E70 strain, which confer resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, respectively. Despite having few annotated ARGs, the strain shows high-level resistance to multiple antibiotics, including polymyxin B.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Chinese S. Montevideo isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM−1B, bla OXA−1, bla LAP−2, bla CTX−M−55, bla CTX−M−65, bla DHA−1), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS2, qnrS1, qnrA1, qnrB6, qnrB4, qepA1), macrolide resistance genes (mphA, mphE, msrE, mphB), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetD, tetB), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, dfrA14, dfrA12, dfrA27, sul3), and chloramphenicol resistance genes (floR, catA2, catB3).

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from environmental water samples, including bla NDM-5, bla CTX-M-27, bla DHA-1, and others, indicating the presence of carbapenem-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in the Vietnamese VAC ecosystem.