The cfr gene, encoding an rRNA methyltransferase, was identified as the cause of linezolid resistance in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. This gene modifies A2503 in 23S rRNA, leading to resistance against multiple antibiotics targeting the ribosome.

The mlr operon, consisting of erm(B) and cfr, confers resistance to multiple classes of protein synthesis inhibitors by modifying specific residues in 23S rRNA. The cfr gene is under the control of the erm(B) promoter, and both genes are expressed constitutively.

The Cfr methyltransferase confers resistance to five classes of antibiotics by catalyzing the formation of 8-methyladenosine in 23S rRNA.

The Cfr methyltransferase confers resistance to multiple antibiotics by methylating 23S rRNA at A2503. Mutagenesis studies identified critical residues for Cfr activity.

The study characterizes the cfr methyltransferase gene, which confers resistance to linezolid and other antibiotics by methylating 23S rRNA. It also identifies structural features of oxazolidinones that affect their activity against linezolid-resistant strains.

The study identifies and characterizes the multidrug resistance gene cfr in a Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive sequence type 8 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus IVa (USA300) isolate, demonstrating its role in resistance to multiple antibiotic classes including phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A.

The study characterizes various methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones, highlighting their antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated markers, with a focus on SCC mec types and PVL status.

The cfr gene encodes an rRNA methyltransferase that methylates the 23S rRNA residue A2503, conferring resistance to multiple classes of ribosomal antibiotics, including linezolid, phenicols, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, streptogramins A, macrolides, and oxazolidinones. The study found that the fitness cost of cfr expression in Staphylococcus aureus is minimal.

The study characterizes the cfr gene, which confers resistance to multiple antibiotics including linezolid, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tiamulin, and vancomycin, in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain CM05. The gene is located on the chromosome and is part of the mlr operon.

The study identified the multidrug resistance gene cfr in various Staphylococcus species from swine farms in China, highlighting its role in resistance to multiple antibiotics including phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A.

The study reports the first characterization of a transferable cfr-carrying plasmid in a human clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis, which confers resistance to linezolid.

Three cfr-like genes from the order Bacillales were identified and shown to confer resistance to PhLOPSa antibiotics by methylating 23S rRNA at A2503.

The study identifies three transferable multiresistance plasmids carrying the cfr gene in Enterococcus spp. from swine and farm environments, highlighting the role of these plasmids in the dissemination of the cfr gene.

The study identifies the cfr gene, which encodes a methyltransferase targeting 23S rRNA, as a major contributor to high linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate 426-3147L. Additionally, mutations in 23S rRNA (C2534T) and ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 were found to contribute to the resistance.

The study identifies the cfr gene as a mediator of linezolid resistance in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) and reports mutations in the rplC gene encoding ribosomal protein L3 that contribute to linezolid resistance.

The study identifies the cfr gene as a mediator of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating its role in conferring resistance through methylation of the 23S rRNA. The resistance mechanism was validated experimentally in the study.

The study identified a single linezolid-resistant MRSA isolate carrying the cfr gene, which confers resistance to multiple antibiotics including linezolid, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, streptogramin A, oxazolidinones, and pleuromutilines.

The study identifies the cfr gene as a key factor in oxazolidinone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates, highlighting the dissemination of a pSCFS3-like plasmid carrying this gene.

The study highlights the effectiveness of tedizolid against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those resistant to linezolid, including strains harboring the cfr gene, which confers resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study distinguishes between the Cfr methyltransferase, which confers resistance to multiple antibiotics, and the RlmN methyltransferase, which does not significantly affect antibiotic resistance. Both are radical SAM enzymes but differ in their methylation sites and functional roles.

The study identifies the multiresistance gene cfr on the IncA/C plasmid pSCEC2 from a porcine E. coli strain, highlighting its role in resistance to oxazolidinones, phenicols, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A.

The study reports a linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate from India carrying the cfr gene, a G2576T mutation in the 23S rRNA gene, and a Met156Thr mutation in the L3 ribosomal protein, indicating multiple mechanisms of linezolid resistance.

The study reports the high prevalence of the cfr gene, which confers resistance to multiple antibiotics including chloramphenicol, florfenicol, clindamycin, tiamulin, valnemulin, and linezolid, in retail meat samples in Guangzhou, China.

The study identified mutations in the 23S rRNA and ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 as key mechanisms of linezolid resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci, along with the presence of the cfr gene encoding an RNA methylase.

The study identifies the cfr gene as the first known clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus with linezolid resistance, demonstrating its role in conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics including linezolid, florfenicol, tiamulin, and clindamycin.

The study identifies the cfr gene as a potential mechanism of linezolid resistance in Clostridium difficile isolates with high linezolid MICs.

Linezolid resistance in staphylococci and enterococci was primarily due to mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, particularly C2131T and G2603T, and the presence of the cfr gene. Additionally, mutations in ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 contributed to resistance in certain isolates.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Chryseobacterium oranimense G311, a colistin-resistant bacterium isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient. These include various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, MLS resistance genes, phenicol resistance genes, glycopeptide resistance genes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, rifampin resistance genes, and multidrug efflux pumps. Additionally, mutations in pmrA, pmrB, and lpxA were found to contribute to colistin resistance.

The study identifies the G2603T mutation in the 23S rRNA gene and the presence of the cfr gene as the primary mechanisms of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus capitis isolates.

The study investigated linezolid resistance in staphylococci and enterococci, identifying mutations in the 23S rRNA gene and the cfr gene as key resistance mechanisms.

The study reports the first identification of the cfr gene in two distinct ST22-MRSA-IV isolates, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics including linezolid, phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A. Additionally, mutations in 23S rRNA and the L22 protein were found to contribute to linezolid resistance.

The study identified the presence of the mecA gene, which confers resistance to methicillin and oxacillin, in several Staphylococcus species isolated from beef meat in Egypt. Additionally, the cfr gene, which provides resistance to multiple antibiotics including oxazolidinones, phenicols, streptogramin B, lincosamides, and pleuromutilins, was detected in some S. aureus isolates. Mutations in the gyrA, grlA, and gyrB genes were also found, contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies vga(A), lsa(A), and cfr as genes that confer resistance to various antibiotics targeting the ribosome, with evidence supporting a ribosomal protection mechanism rather than efflux.

The paper discusses various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, including beta-lactamases like blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, and blaVIM, which confer resistance to carbapenems. It also covers aminoglycoside modifying enzymes such as aac(6')-Ib and aac(6')-I, quinolone resistance proteins like qnr, tetracycline resistance genes such as tet(M) and tet(O), macrolide resistance genes like erm, mefA, and mefE, and efflux pump systems like mexAB-oprM and acrAB-tolC.

The study identified linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates, with the cfr gene and a G2576T mutation in the 23S rRNA gene contributing to linezolid resistance.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes in Clostridium bolteae and Clostridium clostridioforme, including beta-lactamases, glycopeptide resistance operons, macrolide and lincosamide resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Notably, C. bolteae 90B3 exhibited resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and tiamulin due to the presence of the 23S rRNA methyltransferase gene cfr. Additionally, C. clostridioforme 90A8 possessed a VanB-type operon conferring vancomycin resistance.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes in Clostridium bolteae and Clostridium clostridioforme, including beta-lactamases, glycopeptide resistance operons, macrolide and lincosamide resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Notably, C. bolteae 90B3 exhibited resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and tiamulin due to the presence of the 23S rRNA methyltransferase gene cfr. Additionally, C. clostridioforme 90A8 possessed a VanB-type operon conferring vancomycin resistance.

The paper discusses the role of bacteria from animals as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes, highlighting the presence of various AMR genes such as erm(B), tet(M), cfr, and others in different bacterial species, emphasizing their contribution to the spread of resistance.

The study characterizes the combined effect of the Cfr methyltransferase and ribosomal protein L3 mutations on resistance to ribosome-targeting antibiotics, demonstrating that Cfr confers resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, and certain L3 mutations enhance or modulate this resistance.

The study identified the presence of CA-MRSA ST93-IV and LA-MRSA ST398-V in Australian pigs, farm workers, and the environment. It also reported the first linezolid-resistant MRSA isolate in Australia. Resistance mechanisms included genes such as blaZ, ermC, fexA, tetK, tetL, vgaA, lnuB, aadD, aadE, and cfr.

The study explores the complex resistomes of Paenibacillaceae, revealing diverse antibiotic resistance mechanisms including intrinsic and acquired resistance genes such as aadD2, vanA, vanB, vanC, vanD, vanE, vanF, vanG, mcr, bla, tet, qnr, erm, mph, lnu, lsa, vat, vgb, cat, cfr, optrA, poxtA, sul, dfr, mexAB-OprM, acrAB-TolC, and oqxAB.

The study reports the first identification of the cfr gene in clinical linezolid-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from Beijing, China. The cfr and fexA genes, along with mutations in the rplC gene encoding ribosomal protein L3, contribute to linezolid resistance in the isolates.

The paper discusses various antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in staphylococci of animal origin, highlighting their roles in resistance to multiple antibiotics such as macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and others. Key genes include erm, msr, mph, ere, lnu, vga, cfr, optrA, dfr, fus, ileS2, blaZ, aadD, ble, fosD, fosB, czrC, and qac genes, which confer resistance to specific antibiotics and are prevalent in different staphylococcal species.

The study identifies novel linezolid resistance plasmids containing optrA and cfr genes in Enterococcus isolates from food animals in the USA, highlighting the potential for horizontal transfer of resistance genes.

The study identified several AMR genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) isolates from poultry in Poland, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetL, ermA, ermB, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, msrA/B, and cfr. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, methicillin, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, aminoglycosides, phenicols, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A.

The study identifies optrA, poxtA, and a cfr-like gene as key contributors to linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium isolates from Pakistan, whereas US isolates primarily exhibit resistance via the G2576T mutation in the 23S rRNA gene.

The paper discusses various antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in antibiotic-producing bacteria and pathogens, focusing on genes and mutations that confer resistance to different classes of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and others.

This study identified the first report of linezolid resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from healthy turkeys in Egypt. The study found that 79.5% of the isolates were resistant to linezolid, and the resistance was associated with the presence of the cfr, optrA, and valS genes. The study also found high levels of resistance to other antibiotics, including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, oxacillin, daptomycin, and tigecycline.

Florfenicol treatment significantly altered the microbiome and resistome in catfish tanks, promoting the proliferation of florfenicol-resistant genes and inducing mutation-driven resistance.

The study identifies the G2576T mutation in the 23S rRNA gene and the cfr gene as the molecular mechanisms of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus haemolyticus.

The study identified mecA, vanA, and cfr genes associated with methicillin, vancomycin, and linezolid resistance, respectively, in Gram-positive bacteria causing bloodstream infections. Additionally, mutations in the 23S rDNA (C2534T and T2504A) were linked to linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The study identifies the cfr gene as a critical factor in linezolid resistance in MRSA, demonstrating that its presence reduces susceptibility to linezolid and contributes to poor treatment outcomes. The combination of linezolid and rifampicin shows synergistic activity against cfr-positive MRSA, improving therapeutic efficacy.

The study identified the cfr gene as a mechanism of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, along with observations of vancomycin and teicoplanin MIC declines and linezolid MIC creep.

The report highlights high levels of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter, with specific emphasis on resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. It also notes the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and the presence of ESBL-producing and carbapenemase-producing E. coli in poultry and meat.

The paper discusses various antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in enteric bacteria, highlighting the role of beta-lactamases, mcr genes, and erm genes in conferring resistance to beta-lactams, colistin, and macrolides respectively.

The study identified floR and cfr genes as the primary mechanisms of florfenicol resistance in animal-derived bacteria, with floR being the most prevalent.

The study identified three novel Tn7-like transposons (Tn6813, Tn6814, and Tn6765) in Enterobacterales isolates from food-producing animals in China, which carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes including blaDHA-1, qnrA1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, floR, mphE, msrE, and lunF. These transposons contribute to multidrug resistance in the isolates.

The study reports the coexistence of the oxazolidinone resistance genes cfr and optrA in a linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolate from a healthy pig in Brazil, highlighting the need for monitoring antibiotic use in swine production.

The study identified various methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in the United Arab Emirates, including novel variants with resistance genes such as fusC, ermC, aacA-aphD, mupR, and cfr. These genes confer resistance to fusidic acid, erythromycin/clindamycin, gentamicin, mupirocin, and chloramphenicol/florfenicol/linezolid/tigecycline, respectively.

The study identifies the cfr gene as a mediator of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pig carcasses, along with the fexA gene contributing to chloramphenicol resistance. Mutations in rplC (G121A) and rplD (C353T) were also found to contribute to linezolid resistance.

The study reports a significant increase in the prevalence of the cfr gene in E. coli isolates from a swine farm, along with the coexistence of the cfr and mcr-1 genes on plasmids IncP and IncX4.

The study reports the identification of a novel cfr-carrying Tn558 transposon derivative in Staphylococcus delphini isolated from retail food, highlighting the presence of multiple antimicrobial resistance genes including cfr, fexA, aacA-aphD, aadD, and ble.

Retapamulin showed excellent in vitro activity against mupirocin and chlorhexidine-resistant CA-MRSA isolates from a pediatric cluster. No mutations in rplC or cfr were found to confer resistance to retapamulin.

The study identified the G2576T mutation in the 23S rRNA as the primary mechanism of linezolid resistance in E. faecium, while the optrA gene was the main cause of resistance in E. faecalis. Additionally, the cfr gene was detected in one isolate.

The study presents a cross-resistance platform (CRP) consisting of 28 Staphylococcus aureus strains with defined resistance genotypes, designed to detect cross-resistance between established and novel antibacterial agents. The CRP includes various AMR genes and mutations that confer resistance to multiple antibiotic classes.

The study identifies the first case of staphylococci carrying linezolid resistance genes from patients with chronic sinusitis in Poland. Linezolid resistance in S. aureus was associated with mutations in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4, while in S. haemolyticus, resistance was associated with the presence of the cfr gene. Additionally, the S. aureus strain harbored optrA and poxtA genes.

The study identified mecA, cfr, and pvl genes in MRSA isolates, with mecA and pvl showing significant associations with resistance patterns and phenotypes.

The study identified the 23S rRNA mutation G2603U and the cfr gene as the primary mechanisms of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates.

The paper discusses ribosome protection proteins (RPPs) as significant contributors to antibiotic resistance, particularly against tetracyclines, fusidic acid, and various other antibiotics targeting the ribosome. Key RPPs include TetM, TetO, FusB, VgaA, LsaA, MsrE, MsrA, optrA, and poxtA, which confer resistance through mechanisms involving direct interaction with the ribosome and displacement of antibiotics.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail raw milk in northern Xinjiang, China, including blaZ, mecA, ermA, ermB, ermC, aacA-aphD, tetK, tetM, vanA, rpoB, linA, optrA, and cfr, which confer resistance to penicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, vancomycin, rifampin, clindamycin, linezolid, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol.

Contezolid shows potent in vitro activity against MRSA and VRE isolates, including those with linezolid resistance genes cfr and optrA. It exhibits similar or slightly better activity compared to linezolid against these strains.

The paper discusses the genetic adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis patients, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer, mutations, and regulatory mechanisms in the development of persistent infections and resistance. It emphasizes the importance of whole genome sequencing in understanding the population dynamics and evolution of S. aureus in the CF airways.

The study identified a diverse range of linezolid-resistant (LR) isolates in food-producing animals, primarily driven by the presence of cfr, optrA, and poxtA genes. These genes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, including linezolid, phenicols, and oxazolidinones.

The paper discusses resistance mechanisms to pleuromutilins, including tiamulin and valnemulin, highlighting chromosomal mutations in 23S rRNA and rplC genes, as well as transferable resistance genes like vga(A), cfr, and lsa(E).

The study reports the emergence of the cfr gene in Vibrio diabolicus, a marine bacterium isolated from seafood, which confers resistance to multiple antibiotics including phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A.

Directed evolution of the Cfr enzyme led to variants that enhance resistance to multiple classes of ribosome-targeting antibiotics by increasing rRNA methylation at A2503.

The study identified and characterized the oxazolidinone resistance genes cfr and optrA in Enterococcus isolates.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in poultry, carrying genes such as mecA, ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(4')-Ia, str, tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, cfr, dfrK, dfrD, and cat p194, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The review identified several AMR genes in pathogens associated with calf diarrhea and pneumonia, including beta-lactamases (blaCMY, blaCTX-M, blaTEM), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetM, tetO), aminoglycoside resistance genes (strA, strB, aadA), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), phenicol resistance genes (cat, floR), and macrolide/lincosamide resistance genes (cfr, ermB).

The report highlights the presence of various antimicrobial resistance genes such as blaVIM-1, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, and cfr in different bacterial isolates, indicating resistance to carbapenems, beta-lactams, and macrolides/lincosamides/streptogramin B.

The paper reviews antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, highlighting the roles of various AMR genes such as aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, vanA, vanB, cfr, optrA, and poxtA in conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and oxazolidinones.

The study identified the coexistence of cfr and optrA genes in a plasmid in MRSA ST398 isolates and reported the poxtA-carrying segment (IS 431mec - optrA -IS 1216-fexB -IS 431mec ) for the first time.

The study identified ermG as a gene that increased in abundance in the feces of treated pigs compared to those that did not receive post-PRRS antimicrobials, indicating its role in macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance.

The study identifies the multidrug-resistance gene cfr for the first time in Salmonella, highlighting the expansion of the cfr reservoir and potential horizontal spread to other bacteria. It also detects various AMR genes such as floR, sul2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3”)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(6')-Ib-cr, bla CMY−2, bla TEM−1, qnrS1, erm(B), mph(E), msr(E), qepA8, arr-3, sul1, dfrA12, dfrA27, tet(A), tet(D), catB3, aadA16, aac(3)-IV, aph(4)-Ia, aadA2, and fosA7.

The study identified a novel mutation, C2128T, in the 23S rRNA gene of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis isolates, along with the presence of the cfr gene, which contributes to linezolid resistance.

The review discusses various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, including resistance genes such as blaCTX-M, ermB, tet(O), vanA, vanB, and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, as well as mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and 23S rRNA associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and other antibiotics.

The study identified the cfr gene in eight E. coli strains from food animals in Eastern China, demonstrating its role in multidrug resistance and its ability to transfer via conjugation. The cfr gene was found on IncX4 and unknown type plasmids, and IS26-mediated circular intermediates were observed.

The study identified two novel sequence types (ST 7460 and ST 7635) of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in Kenya, carrying resistance genes for linezolid (cfr), mupirocin (mupA), and rifampin (rpoB).

The paper discusses the molecular mechanisms of resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting the roles of various genes and mutations in conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, oxazolidinones, lipopeptides, fluoroquinolones, and other antibiotics.

The study identified the cfr gene as a mediator of linezolid resistance in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) from healthy pigs in Portugal. Additional resistance genes such as blaZ, mecA, fexA, tet(M), and tet(K) were also characterized.

The study identified several florfenicol and oxazolidinone resistance genes, including floR, fexA, cfr, optrA, and poxtA, in livestock farms in China. These genes were found to be prevalent in fecal samples from pigs and chickens, highlighting the risk of their spread through mobile genetic elements.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus isolates from birds, including mecA, blaZ, msrA/B, ermC, mphC, tetK, tetM, cfr, norA, aac(6')-aph(2"), sea, and tst. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as methicillin, beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from pigs and chickens in Zhejiang, China, including bla NDM-5, mcr-1, tet (X4), and cfr, which confer resistance to carbapenems, colistin, tigecycline, and multiple other antibiotics.

The study identifies cfr-carrying plasmids in various staphylococcal species from humans and animals, highlighting their potential for horizontal transfer and dissemination of linezolid resistance.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in manure samples from a swine finishing facility, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and other antibiotics. Key genes included tet(M), lnuA, erm(35), aadS, mphB, dfrG, vga-type ABC-F, lsa-type ABC-F, msr-type ABC-F, optrA, and others, primarily found in Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. These genes were associated with resistance mechanisms such as target alteration, antibiotic inactivation, and efflux pumps.

The study identifies the cfr gene as a key determinant of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus capitis, along with 23S rRNA mutations. It also highlights the horizontal transferability of cfr-carrying plasmids and their instability in MRSA.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including fexA, ermC, cfr, aac(6')-aph(2''), dfrG, tetK, blaZ, mecA, norA, tetM, and ermA, in Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species isolated from a swine manure treatment plant, indicating widespread resistance to various antibiotics.

Two linezolid-resistant MRSA strains from pigs in Germany were identified, both harboring plasmid-encoded cfr genes. These strains also had additional AMR genes, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study identified various clinically important antimicrobial resistance genes in Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from retail meat and aquatic products in China, highlighting the potential risk of these genes spreading to other pathogens.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. faecium isolates from captive giant pandas, including aac(6')-aph(2''), aph(2'')-Id, vanA, cfr, and optrA, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and linezolid.

The study identified the presence of oxazolidinone resistance genes optrA, poxtA, and cfr in Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Vagococcus lutrae isolates from raw meat-based diets for companion animals in Switzerland. These genes confer resistance to oxazolidinones, highlighting a public health concern regarding the potential spread of resistant bacteria from pets to humans.

The study describes an in-house 45-plex array for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram-positive bacteria, identifying optrA, poxtA, and vanA as significant resistance markers in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus isolates.

The study identifies the cfr gene in linezolid-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococcal isolates from pig farms, and shows that a single nucleotide mutation (Q148K) in cfr leads to linezolid susceptibility despite the presence of the cfr gene.

The study identifies key genes and mutations involved in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistance, including mecA, blaZ, mprF, and cfr, along with specific mutations in 23S rRNA that contribute to resistance against beta-lactams, daptomycin, and linezolid.

The study reports the genomic characterisation of cfr-positive, multidrug-resistant LA-MRSA isolates from Italian pig holdings, identifying a functional cfr gene variant in a CC1 isolate that conferred linezolid resistance.

The study identified four acquired linezolid resistance genes (optrA, cfr, cfr(D), and poxtA2) in a linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolate from chicken origin. These genes were located on both chromosomal and plasmid DNA, with cfr embedded in a novel pseudocompound transposon. The plasmids carrying these genes were capable of transferring between Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus.

The study identified three antibiotic resistance genes, tetB, blaTEM, and cfr, in Bacillus isolates from Chinese mariculture systems, highlighting their potential impact on antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC398 isolates from diseased swine in Germany, including beta-lactam, tetracycline, macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B, phenicol, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes. These genes were often located on small transposons or plasmids, contributing to the multidrug resistance profile of the isolates.

The study identifies a novel G2603T mutation in the 23S rRNA gene and the presence of the cfr gene in linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates, highlighting the emergence of dual resistance mechanisms.

The study identified various AMR genes in L. monocytogenes strains from Atlantic salmon, including tetracycline resistance genes (tetC, tetD, tetK, tetL, tetS), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA, strA, aacC2, aphA1, aphA2), macrolide resistance genes (cmlA1, catI, catII), and oxazolidinone resistance genes (cfr, optrA, poxtA).

The paper discusses the role of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA methylation, in antimicrobial resistance. It highlights how these mechanisms contribute to bacterial adaptation and resistance to antibiotics.

The study identified tet(M), erm(B), and cfr as the most prevalent antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterococcus spp. isolates from captive Asian elephants, highlighting their role in resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol, respectively.

The study identifies linezolid resistance genes (optrA, poxtA, cfr) and the G2576T mutation in 40% of linezolid-susceptible Enterococcus isolates, highlighting the potential for rapid resistance development under selective pressure.

The study identified the presence of cfr and fexA genes in a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolate, which conferred resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol. Additionally, the dominant clone ST6-MRSA-IV/t304 was observed among methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates.

The study identified cfr and fexA genes in linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses, highlighting their role in resistance to linezolid, phenicol, and other antibiotics.

The study identified the widespread distribution of linezolid resistance genes optrA, poxtA, cfr, and cfr(D) in various niches, including humans, animals, and the environment. These genes were found to confer resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, and penicillin G.

The study identified linezolid resistance mechanisms in coagulase-negative staphylococci, including mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, cfr gene, and ribosomal proteins L3 and L4.

The study identified linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates carrying the cfr gene, which confers resistance to linezolid, and mecA, which confers methicillin resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla Z, aac A- aph D, msr A, tet K, gyr A, grl A, dfr G, and cfr, in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from rabbit clinical abscesses, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in CoNS isolates from various hosts, highlighting the spread of multidrug resistance and the role of mobile genetic elements in the dissemination of resistance traits.

The study identified cfr-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pig farms in Korea, highlighting the emergence of linezolid-susceptible phenotypes despite the presence of the cfr gene. Mutations in the cfr gene, including a 35-bp insertion in the promoter region and a Q148K substitution in the ORF, were linked to reduced linezolid resistance.

Florfenicol administration in piglets leads to the selection of multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including those conferring resistance to phenicols, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, and oxazolidinones.

The study identifies the multidrug resistance gene cfr in 18 strains isolated from a chicken farm in China, highlighting its presence in various bacterial species and its transmission through clonal and horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Enterococcus spp. isolated from mussels, including tetC, tetD, cfr, vanA, vanD, vatE, vatD, and qnrS, which confer resistance to tetracycline, linezolid, vancomycin, and fluoroquinolone.

The study identifies Tn916 and its family members, highlighting the presence of tetracycline resistance gene tetM and vancomycin resistance genes in various bacterial species.

The study identifies and characterizes various AMR genes and mutations associated with linezolid resistance in Enterococcus species, including cfr, optrA, poxtA, and specific 23S rRNA mutations.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in a dairy wastewater sample, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside acetyltransferases, tetracycline resistance proteins, quinolone resistance proteins, and macrolide ribosome methyltransferases. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in waterfowl-derived Salmonella isolates, including aac(6')-Iaa, bla_OXA-1, bla_CTX-M-65, catB3, sul2, fosA3, lnu(F), dfrA17, and cfr. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the multidrug resistance profile of the isolates.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in airborne staphylococci, including mecA, dfrS1(dfrA), dfrG, femB, blaZ, cfr, and msrA, which confer resistance to methicillin, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, and macrolides/lincosamides. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant staphylococci was observed in urban environments of Delhi, India.