Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
dihydrofolate reductase
Overview
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DfrA16 | Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogReslit | 25 | Trimethoprim, TRIMETHOPRIM +1 | Aeromonas salmonicida |
| Norway|Japan, Japan|Thailand|Canada|France|Spain|South Korea|United Kingdom|Croatia|Vietnam|global, Kenya, Italy, Spain, France|New Caledonia|La Réunion Island|French Guiana|French Polynesia|Guadeloupe|Madagascar|Tunisia|India, Finland|Malaysia|Poland|Lithuania|United States|Canada|China|Japan|Norway|Brazil|Netherlands|Hong Kong|Germany|Switzerland|Portugal|Australia|UK|Vietnam|Spain|Dominican Republic|India|Thailand, Canada, China|Bangladesh|USA|England|India, Finland, Kuwait, Nigeria, Europe, USA|China|Spain|Australia|Japan|Switzerland|Netherlands|Brazil|Taiwan|New Hampshire, USA|global, China |
| 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 |
| AJ517790|AJ517791 |
| AAX18273.1 |
| dfrA16 | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | 2 | TRIMETHOPRIM | Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter koseri +1 | - | 2002 | AF077008, AF174129, AY878718, EU158182 | AAK60186.1 |
Integron-containing IncU R plasmids pRAS1 and pAr-32 from the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida.
The study identified the dfrA16 gene in the integron of plasmid pRAS1, which confers resistance to trimethoprim, and the aadA2 gene in the integron of plasmid pAr-32, which confers resistance to streptomycin and kanamycin.
Detection of qnr in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Korea.
Investigation of a global collection of nontyphoidal Salmonella of various serotypes cultured between 1953 and 2004 for the presence of class 1 integrons.
Investigation of a global collection of nontyphoidal Salmonella of various serotypes cultured between 1953 and 2004 for the presence of class 1 integrons.
Class 1 and class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten rivers in northern Turkey.
Insight into the mobilome of Aeromonas strains.
The study characterizes various antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in Aeromonas strains, highlighting the presence of beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and others. These genes are often located on plasmids and contribute to multidrug resistance.
Antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae stool isolates circulating in Kenya.
The study identified 46 AMR genes or gene families in 90 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.
Diversity, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Isolates From the Newly Emerging Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 Lineage.
The study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in the emerging Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 lineage, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms including carbapenemases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and various other resistance genes.
Prevalence of Cefotaxime-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Healthy Cattle and Sheep in Northern Spain: Phenotypic and Genome-Based Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility.
The study identified various AMR genes in cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates from cattle and sheep in the Basque Country, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CMY-2, and others, highlighting the prevalence of ESBL and AmpC-producing strains.
Population genomics and antimicrobial resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The study identifies several AMR genes in Corynebacterium diphtheriae, including pbp2m associated with penicillin resistance, ermX for macrolide resistance, and various genes for tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and sulfonamide resistance.
Genomic Characterization of VIM and MCR Co-Producers: The First Two Clinical Cases, in Italy.
The study characterizes two clinical Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates co-producing VIM and MCR enzymes, identifying specific AMR genes and their resistance mechanisms.
Plasmid-Borne and Chromosomal ESBL/AmpC Genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Global Food Products.
The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-28, bla SHV-81, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-52C, bla CARB-2, bla OXA-1, bla DHA-1, and bla CMY-2, along with other AMR genes such as aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA1, aadA2, aph(4)-Ia, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB1, qnrS1, floR, sul2, sul1, tet(A), dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA17, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA16, dfrA15, catB3, cmlA1, arr-2, and qnrB19, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from food products.
Genomic Insights into Drug Resistance and Virulence Platforms, CRISPR-Cas Systems and Phylogeny of Commensal E. coli from Wildlife.
The study identified various AMR genes in commensal E. coli strains from wildlife, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-1, tet(A), tet(B), and several resistance gene cassettes in integrons. These genes were found to confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the presence of AMR in wildlife E. coli populations.
Prevalence and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from mastitic dairy cattle in Canada.
The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaCARB-3, blaCMY-59), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(3')-Ia, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA2), and multidrug efflux pump genes (acrA, acrB, acrD, tolC, baeR, emrA, emrB).
Population genomics of the food-borne pathogen Vibrio fluvialis reveals lineage associated pathogenicity-related genetic elements.
The study identified 21 antimicrobial resistance genes in Vibrio fluvialis, with 19 of them predominantly present in VflPop2. The tetracycline resistance gene tet(35) was found in 95% of VflPop2 strains, highlighting its significance in the population. Additionally, the plasmid pBD146 was associated with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the presence of dfr6 gene in pBD146 was linked to this resistance.
Pan-Genome Analysis of Delftia tsuruhatensis Reveals Important Traits Concerning the Genetic Diversity, Pathogenicity, and Biotechnological Properties of the Species.
The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Delftia tsuruhatensis, including aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and phenicol resistance genes, indicating the potential for multidrug resistance in this species.
Genomic epidemiology of nosocomial carbapenemase-producing Citrobacter freundii in sewerage systems in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland.
The study identified bla KPC-2 and bla VIM-1 carbapenemase genes, along with various other AMR genes such as aac(6′)-If, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIa, aadA1, dfrA1, sul2, sat2, qnrB, cmlA5, bla OXA-9, bla CMY-79, bla CMY-116, bla TEM-1A, bla CMY-117, bla OXA-10, bla CFE, bla CMY-100, aac(6′)-Ib, aadA2, sul1, qnrS1, qnrB9, mph(E), msr(E), aac(6′)-Iic, and dfrA16 in carbapenemase-producing Citrobacter freundii isolates from hospital environments and municipal wastewater in Finland.
Antibiotic Resistance Mediated by Escherichia coli in Kuwait Marine Environment as Revealed through Genomic Analysis.
The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from Kuwait's marine environment, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and macrolide resistance genes. Additionally, the MFS-type drug efflux gene mdfA was commonly found in E. coli isolates.
Genomic characterisation of an extended-spectrum β-Lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate assigned to a novel sequence type (6914).
The study reports the genomic characterization of an extended-spectrum β-Lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate, Cow102, which exhibits multidrug resistance. It identifies several resistance genes, including blaSHV-1, blaSHV-11, blaSHV-13, blaSHV-26, blaSHV-70, blaSHV-78, blaSHV-98, blaSHV-145, blaTEM-1B, aadA2, catA2, catII, dfrA16, fosA, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, sul2, and tet(D).
Pan-genome analysis of the Enterobacter hormaechei complex highlights its genomic flexibility and pertinence as a multidrug resistant pathogen.
The study identifies a wide range of antibiotic resistance genes in the Enterobacter hormaechei complex, highlighting its multidrug-resistant nature and the role of mobile genetic elements in the dissemination of resistance.
Antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry farms using One Health perspective in Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The study identified 30 different resistance determinants in 14 whole genome sequenced E. coli isolates from poultry farms in Abeokuta, Nigeria. These included genes such as blaTEM-1B, blaCARB-2, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, floR, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B), among others, which conferred resistance to various antimicrobial classes.
Dissemination dynamics of colistin resistance genes mcr-9 and mcr-10 across diverse Inc plasmid backbones.
The study characterizes the dissemination of colistin resistance genes mcr-9 and mcr-10 across diverse Inc plasmid backbones in Enterobacter species, highlighting their co-occurrence with other resistance genes and their global distribution.
Antibiotic resistance in mastitis-causing bacteria: Exploring antibiotic-resistance genes, underlying mechanisms, and their implications for dairy animal and public health.
The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with mastitis, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, aphA3, aacA-aphD, aadD, ermA, msrA, mphC, lnuB, and vanA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and glycopeptides.
Emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance determinants and plasmid replicon types acquisition by Escherichia coli of poultry and other food-producing animal origin in China: local findings with global implications.
The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli from poultry and other food-producing animals in China, highlighting the prevalence of beta-lactamases, tetracycline resistance genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.
Novel complex sul1-type integron in Escherichia coli carrying bla(CTX-M-9)., Detection of qnr in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Korea., Class 1 and class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten rivers in northern Turkey.
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