The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli and Salmonella, including beta-lactamase genes (blaCMY, blaCTX-M), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), and dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12). These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

The study identifies the presence of class 1 integrons and bla CTX-M-15 genes in commensal E. coli isolates from healthy individuals in Chandigarh, India. It also detects several gene cassettes conferring resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, spectinomycin, streptothricin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfonamides.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15, aac (3)-IIa, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, qnrB4, qnrS1, aac (6')-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, bla SHV-12, bla CMY-42, bla DHA-1, mphA, ermB, catA1, catB3, sul1, sul2, dfrA12, dfrA17, dfrA1, dfrA5, tetA, tetB, and tetD as key AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in Nepal, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study analyzed non-pseudomonal bacterial species from pediatric cystic fibrosis patients, identifying several AMR genes and mutations. Key findings include the presence of beta-lactamase genes (blaZ, blaI, blaRI) in Staphylococcus aureus, fosfomycin resistance gene fosB, fusidic acid resistance gene fusC, and efflux pumps smeZ, smeJ, and smeK in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Additionally, Enterobacter cloacae isolates carried resistance genes qacE delta 1, sul1, and dfrA5.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from marine bivalves, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, and various aminoglycoside, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, quinolone, and macrolide resistance genes. These findings highlight the potential risk of MDR Enterobacteriaceae in marine environments.

The study identifies several AMR genes in ST95 E. coli strains, including blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M14, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac3, strA, strB, tetA, tetB, tetD, sul1, sul2, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17, mphA, and catA1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified 46 AMR genes or gene families in 90 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identified 17 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in 103 class 1 integron-positive Escherichia coli strains from porcine feces, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli in pigs and their potential role in the dissemination of resistance genes.

The study reports the complete genome sequence of an Escherichia coli isolate carrying the bla(CTX-M-1) gene, along with other resistance genes including mph(A), sul2, dfrA5, strA, and strB, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in STEC O117:H7 isolates, including the azithromycin resistance gene mphA, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA, dfrA5, ermB, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), qnrs1, and a mutation in gyrA (S83L) associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies and characterizes several AMR genes in E. coli, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, ampC), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aac(3')-Ia, aac(3')-VI), dihydrofolate reductases (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA15), quinolone resistance proteins (qnrB2, qnrB6, qnrS2), and others. These genes were validated through computational and wet lab methods, showing their roles in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in aEPEC isolates from children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to multiple antibiotics, including ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study identifies multidrug-resistant hybrid pathotype Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O80 strains belonging to clonal complex 165, which harbor a mosaic plasmid with genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics, including beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, kanamycin, streptomycin, and colistin.

The study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in the emerging Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 lineage, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms including carbapenemases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and various other resistance genes.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from children and domestic animals in a semirural community in Ecuador. These genes included blaTEM-1B, dfrA8, qnrB19, strA, strB, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, and others, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole. The research highlights the role of plasmids in disseminating these AMR genes and emphasizes the complexity of AMR transmission in such environments.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica strains, including blaTEM-1, aph(3')-I, aph(6')-ld, dfrA5, tetA, and various arsenic resistance genes. A mutation in gyrA was also found to confer nalidixic acid resistance.

The study characterized the resistome, mobilome, and virulome of 20 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Pretoria, South Africa. Key findings include the identification of various beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, blaTEM-1B), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(6')-Ib-cr, mph(A)), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA17, dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA23), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catB3, catA1), and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE.

The study analyzed 515 E. coli isolates from pigs using whole genome sequencing to identify AMR genes and mutations. Key findings include the prevalence of blaTEM-1b, tet(A), and tetA(B) genes, along with various mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones. The study highlights the effectiveness of WGS in predicting AMR phenotypes with high concordance to MIC results.

The study characterizes an IMP-4-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST1873 strain, identifying multiple antimicrobial resistance genes including blaIMP-4, blaSHV-2, blaSHV-11, oqxA, oqxB, aph(6)-Id, strA, catA1, dfrA5, sul2, and fosA.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in MDR E. coli strains from captive wild animals, highlighting the presence of CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-65 beta-lactamases, along with various other resistance mechanisms such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, as well as mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from diseased chickens in the Czech Republic, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to β-lactams, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Aeromonas caviae SCAc2001, including blaKPC, mcr-3.3, and others, highlighting the potential public health risks posed by this strain.

The study identified 60 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), 4 disinfectant resistance genes (DRGs), and 33 heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) in 450 Salmonella strains isolated from diseased animals. These genes contributed to resistance against multiple antimicrobial classes, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and phenicols.

The study identified several AMR genes in mink pathogens, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-1), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA5, aadA1), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul2), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA8, dfrA14), macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin B resistance genes (erm), lincomycin resistance gene (lnu(A)), spectinomycin resistance gene (spc), and additional sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul3, dfrK, dfrG).

The study identified several β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-5, bla OXA-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-3, and bla TEM-1, which contribute to extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production in multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates. Additionally, a mutation in the gyrA gene (D87N) was linked to quinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The study shows that integron activity accelerates the evolution of antibiotic resistance by enabling cassette re-shuffling and duplication, particularly for aadB, blaVEB-1, and dfrA5 genes, which confer resistance to gentamicin, beta-lactams, and trimethoprim, respectively.

Wild boars in Germany carry ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, with bla CTX-M-1, bla SHV-12, and bla CMY-2 being the most common beta-lactamase genes. Additional resistance genes include sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA14, dfrA17, tet(A), cmlA, floR, and qnrS.

The study identified several AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from animals in Greece, including bla CTX-M-1/15, bla TEM, aadA1, aadA2, aphA, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA15, dfrA17, dfrA19, mph, mrx, intI1, tnpISE cp1, qnrS, and qnrB.

The study identified various AMR genes in commensal E. coli strains from wildlife, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-1, tet(A), tet(B), and several resistance gene cassettes in integrons. These genes were found to confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the presence of AMR in wildlife E. coli populations.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaCARB-3, blaCMY-59), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(3')-Ia, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA2), and multidrug efflux pump genes (acrA, acrB, acrD, tolC, baeR, emrA, emrB).

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, including blaVIM-2, blaOXA-396, blaOXA-488, floR, tetG, sul1, dfrA5, dfrB2, dfrB5, aph(3)-Ib, blaPAO, catB7, and fosA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and fosfomycin.

The study characterizes antibiotic resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from bovine animals and the environment in Nigeria, identifying several beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, qnr, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and trimethoprim resistance genes, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-15, qnrS1, ermB, aadA1, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, dfrA1, catA1, aadA2, dfrA5, dfrA12, qnrS13, aac(6')-Ib-cr5, blaTEM-1, blaOXA-1, sul1, and dfrA17, associated with ESBL-Ec in children, mothers, and drinking water in rural Bangladesh.

The study identifies D27E and L28Q substitutions in DfrA1 and DfrA5 as key determinants of trimethoprim resistance, revealing a common mechanism of resistance in plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductases.

The study identifies dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, and dfrA17 as trimethoprim resistance genes in urinary pathogens, demonstrating their utility in predicting phenotypic resistance without culture.

The study identified a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Greek pigs, with a focus on resistance mechanisms involving bla CTX-M1/15, bla TEM, and bla SHV genes, as well as resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, and colistin.

The study identified various beta-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli strains in South Australian grey-headed flying fox pups, including resistance genes such as blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, blaTEM-33, blaCMY-2, dfrA17, aadA5, dfrA5, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), and catA1.

The study identifies tet(X4) as a major cause of tigecycline resistance in E. coli ST761 isolates from a pig farm in China. The gene is located on a hybrid plasmid and is part of a multidrug resistance region that includes other resistance genes such as blaTEM-1, tet(A), tet(M), floR, qnrS1, sul3, dfrA5, and mef(B).

The study identified antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in marine mammals from the North and Baltic Seas, highlighting the presence of resistance genes such as blaTEM, strA, strB, aadA1, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), qnrS, floR, catA1, blaOXA-1-like, blaSHV, and blaCMY-2.

The paper discusses the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bivalve molluscs, highlighting the spread of resistance to various antibiotics such as colistin, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. It emphasizes the role of bivalve aquacultures in the dissemination of ARGs and the potential risks to human health through the food chain.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wild and domestic animals in Thailand, including blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY-2, aac(3)-IV, aadA, tetA, tetB, qnrA, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, and dfrA7, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

The study identifies various AMR genes, including bla TEM-1, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, dfrA5, sul2, and robA, which are associated with plasmids shared among human bloodstream infections, livestock, wastewater, and waterways in Oxfordshire, UK.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in porcine ETEC/STEC strains, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-106), polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-5.1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-IVa, aph(3')-Ia, aadA1, aadA10, aadA12), florfenicol resistance gene (floR), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), quinolone resistance gene (qnrS1), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA36).

The study identified bla CTX-M-15 and bla TEM-1b as the primary genes responsible for third-generation cephalosporin resistance in E. coli isolates from European soldiers in Mali. Additionally, several quinolone resistance genes including qnrS1, gyrA S83L, gyrA D87N, parE S458T, parE S458A, and parC S80I were found. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was mediated by sul1, sul2, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA14, and dfrA17. Gentamicin resistance was associated with aph6-Id, aph3-Ib, aac3-IId, aadA5, and aac6-Ib-cr5. Tetracycline resistance was conferred by tetA, tetB, and tetD.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from Australian urine samples, including blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaTEM-28, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA17, dfrA5, dfrA1, dfrB4, tetA, tetB, mphA, cmlA1, cmlA5, catB3, sat2, qnrD1, fosA7, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aph(3')-IIa, aph(6)-Id, ant(3'')-IIa, intI1, and intI2. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracycline, macrolides, chloramphenicol, streptothricin, quinolones, fosfomycin, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from Kuwait's marine environment, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and macrolide resistance genes. Additionally, the MFS-type drug efflux gene mdfA was commonly found in E. coli isolates.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Klebsiella isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1, bla SHV, and bla OXA-1, which confer resistance to beta-lactams. Other genes like aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB1, qnrB6, catA1, catA2, catB3, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA27, sul1, sul2, mph(A), tet(A), tet(D), fosA, ARR-3, and oqxAB were also found, contributing to resistance against aminoglycosides, quinolones, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, macrolides, tetracycline, fosfomycin, rifampicin, and quinolones respectively. Mutations in ompK36, ompK37, and acrR were associated with resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, while mutations in RamR were linked to tigecycline resistance.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including blaOXA-232, blaCTX-M-15, dfrA14, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and others, in K. pneumoniae isolates, highlighting the role of integrons and plasmids in the dissemination of resistance.

The study identified the presence of class I integrons and ESBLs, particularly bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and bla SHV, in uropathogenic E. coli isolates from Kerman, Iran. Additionally, various gene cassettes such as dfrA17-aadA5, aadA1-dfrA1, and others were detected, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identified several β-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, bla SHV12, bla CMY-2, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-106, and bla TEM-126, which confer resistance to various β-lactam antibiotics. Other resistance genes such as aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrS1, tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), aadA5, aadA2b, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA17, dfrA5, dfrA14, dfrA12, mph(A), cmlA1, catA2, aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, and lnu(F) were also characterized, providing insights into the multidrug resistance profiles of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from clams in the Central Adriatic.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes, including class 1 integrons and bla TEM genes, in koalas and Pteropid bats before, during, and after wildfires. The presence of these genes was influenced by factors such as fire-impact, captivity, and antibiotic usage.

The study identified high prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative pathogens in Egypt, with bla NDM and bla OXA-48-like being the most prevalent carbapenemase genes. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrS and qnrB were also detected. Additionally, several aminoglycoside resistance genes and integron-associated gene cassettes were characterized.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 isolates, including bla NDM-5, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla OXA-232, bla OXA-48, aadA1, aph(3')-VI, bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B/C, bla OXA-9, truncated catA1, qnrS1, sul1, dfrA5, mph(A), erm(B), aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib3, sul2, aph(3')-Ia, rmtB, fosA, oqxAB, bla SHV-11/67, arr-3, and catB3.

The study identifies a novel hybrid transposon Tn7714 carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that was transferred from an IncF plasmid to a cryptic IncX plasmid, resulting in a new multidrug-resistant conjugative plasmid with significantly higher conjugation efficiency.

The study identified OXA-48 carbapenemase in 82.9% of K. pneumoniae isolates and NDM in 7.3%. bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV, and bla OXA-1 were also detected. Additionally, aac(6")-Ib, dfrA14, oqxA, and oqxB were found to confer resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in sorbitol non-fermenting E. coli strains, including blaTEM-1B, tet(A), dfrA1, dfrA5, sul1, fos7, catA1, qnrS1, gyrA, and blaCTX-M15, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and extended-spectrum beta-lactams.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Escherichia coli isolates from Italian artisanal food products, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, trimethoprim resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, quinolone resistance proteins, sulfonamide resistance proteins, and tetracycline resistance genes. These genes were primarily carried on plasmids and contributed to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies that certain antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) such as bla TEM-116 *, cat, and dfrA5 impose fitness costs in various Escherichia spp. strains, highlighting the variability of these effects across different host backgrounds.

The study identifies various dfrA gene cassettes, including dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA8, and dfrA14, as the primary genetic determinants of trimethoprim resistance in cotrimoxazole-resistant uropathogenic E. coli strains. These genes are found in class 1 and 2 integrons, as well as in transposons.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes on plasmids and chromosomes of Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from fresh produce, highlighting the diversity of resistance mechanisms and the potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wild animals, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-65, bla CTX-M-55, bla EC-1982), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aadA2, aadA5, ant(3")-Ia, aph(3")-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(6)-Id), tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetA), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA17, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin resistance genes (mphB, lnuF, ermC, mefC), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB19, qnrB5, qnrS1, qnrS2), and others. Additionally, point mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies the colistin resistance gene mcr-8.1 in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 isolates from Armenia, highlighting the emergence of this gene in the region.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli and MRSA isolates from cattle in Austria, including bla CTX-M-1/15, bla CTX-M-9, bla TEM, tet (A), tet (B), dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA14, dfrA17, sul2, sul3, aadA1, aadA2, floR, cmlA, aphA, and bla ACT. Additionally, the MRSA isolate carried the mecA gene, indicating methicillin resistance.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15 as the most prevalent ESBL gene in both human and animal E. coli isolates, along with other resistance genes such as bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-1, and various aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim resistance genes. Mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE were also associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from mammalian wild game, highlighting the prevalence of various AMR genes and mutations across different bacterial species.

The study identifies multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri serotype 2a strains in both human and non-human primate populations in New Mexico, USA, carrying resistance genes such as blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1, sul2, dfrA1, and dfrA5, along with fluoroquinolone resistance-conferring mutations in parC and gyrA.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from intensive pig farming in South Africa, highlighting the spread of resistance across the pork production continuum.

The study identifies that specific dfrA alleles, such as dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA14, and dfrA17, confer trimethoprim resistance in E. coli. The growth behavior of isolates carrying these alleles varies, with some showing a faster growth phenotype in the presence of trimethoprim.

The study identified high levels of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella boydii, with over 60% of isolates classified as multidrug-resistant. Key resistance genes included blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-3, blaDHA-1, mphA, sul1, sul2, dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17, dfrA7, aadA1, aph(3’’)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, tet(A), and tet(B). Mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with ciprofloxacin resistance and reduced susceptibility.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with mastitis, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, aphA3, aacA-aphD, aadD, ermA, msrA, mphC, lnuB, and vanA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and glycopeptides.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli from poultry and other food-producing animals in China, highlighting the prevalence of beta-lactamases, tetracycline resistance genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.

The study identifies bla_OXA-48 and bla_NDM-1 carbapenemase genes in CRKP ST101 isolates from Saudi Arabia, highlighting their role in carbapenem resistance and the complexity of resistance mechanisms in high-risk clones.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in equine abortion pathogens, including CTX-M, TEM-1, TetM, ermA/B/C, qnrA/B, sul1/2, dfrA1/5, SHV, OXA-1, OXA-23/48/58, mecA/B/C, IMP-1/2, NDM-1, VIM-1/2, and vanA/B/C, highlighting the widespread resistance to various antibiotics among these pathogens.