The study identified various gene cassettes within class 1 integrons in multiple antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from the River Torsa in India, including dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA17, aac(6')-Ib, aadA1, aadA6, and a novel ORF with homology to dfrA1.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

The study identifies the dfrA7 gene as a major contributor to trimethoprim resistance in E. coli isolates from Nigeria and Ghana, highlighting its dissemination via a Tn21-like transposon.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Zambia, including strA, strB, blaTEM-1, sul1, sul2, dfrA7, and catA1. Mutations in the gyrA gene were also associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli and Salmonella, including beta-lactamase genes (blaCMY, blaCTX-M), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), and dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12). These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

The study identifies the presence of class 1 integrons and bla CTX-M-15 genes in commensal E. coli isolates from healthy individuals in Chandigarh, India. It also detects several gene cassettes conferring resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, spectinomycin, streptothricin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfonamides.

The study identified the dfrA7 gene in the class 1 integron of E. coli strain PGB01, which confers high-level resistance to trimethoprim. Functional analysis showed that the gene is responsible for the observed resistance phenotype.

The study identified several AMR genes in Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates, including blaBOR-1, blaOXA, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, dfrA7, and tet(A). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study identified various AMR genes including dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA12, aadA1, aadA2, sul1, tetA, aacC1, TEM, SHV, CTX-M, OXA, NDM-1, IMP, VIM, ACT, DHA, and CMY in E. coli isolates from children in Delhi, India. These genes were associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics such as trimethoprim, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, gentamicin, and various beta-lactams.

The study identified 46 AMR genes or gene families in 90 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates from Cambodia, including beta-lactamase (blaTEM-1B), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catA1), sulfonamide resistance proteins (sul1, sul2), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA7), tetracycline resistance protein (tet(B)), and streptomycin resistance protein (strAB). Additionally, mutations in the gyrA and gyrB genes were associated with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from children with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and healthy controls, highlighting differences in resistance profiles between groups.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in aEPEC isolates from children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to multiple antibiotics, including ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in S. Typhi isolates from Bangladesh, including blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-15, catA1, dfrA7, sul1, sul2, qnrS1, strA, strB, tet(A), tet(B), and mutations in gyrA and parE associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified high abundances of class 1 integrase (intI1) and sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2) in urban wetlands in Nigeria, along with various gene cassettes in class 1 integrons that confer resistance to trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, rifampicin, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi in sub-Saharan Africa, including genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. It also notes mutations in the gyrA gene associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from healthy chicken farms in Senegal, including bla CTX-M, bla CMY-2, tetA, dfrA1, dfrA7, aadA1, qnrB, and bla TEM, as well as mutations in gyrA and parC genes contributing to ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from children and domestic animals in a semirural community in Ecuador. These genes included blaTEM-1B, dfrA8, qnrB19, strA, strB, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, and others, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole. The research highlights the role of plasmids in disseminating these AMR genes and emphasizes the complexity of AMR transmission in such environments.

The study reports a ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolate carrying multiple resistance genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1B, qnrS1, sul1, sul2, dfrA7, aph[3]-1b, aph[6]-1d, aac[6]-1aa, and catA1. Additionally, a fluoroquinolone resistance mutation (gyrA S83F) was identified.

The study characterized the resistome, mobilome, and virulome of 20 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Pretoria, South Africa. Key findings include the identification of various beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, blaTEM-1B), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(6')-Ib-cr, mph(A)), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA17, dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA23), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catB3, catA1), and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates from livestock in South Africa, highlighting the presence of resistance genes such as blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, tetA, tetC, sul2, and dfrA7.

The study analyzed 515 E. coli isolates from pigs using whole genome sequencing to identify AMR genes and mutations. Key findings include the prevalence of blaTEM-1b, tet(A), and tetA(B) genes, along with various mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones. The study highlights the effectiveness of WGS in predicting AMR phenotypes with high concordance to MIC results.

The study identified various AMR genes in CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates from peri-urban wild animals in Brazil, including bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, and others, indicating the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in wildlife.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Typhi isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-116), chloramphenicol resistance gene (catA1), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA7, dfrA15), sulfamethoxazole resistance genes (sul1, sul2), and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes.

The study identified the tetA gene and the dfrA7 gene cassette in tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from ready-to-eat vegetables, indicating resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mutations in Escherichia coli isolates from various sources in Italy, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamide, penicillin, fluoroquinolone, and colistin. Key genes included tetA, sul2, blaTEM-1b, mcr-1, qnrS1, and others, along with mutations in gyrA, parC, parE, and pmrB.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Shigella spp. and EIEC isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1b, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-55, blaDHA-1), dihydrofolate reductase variants (dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA7, dfrA8), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), macrolide resistance genes (erm(B), mphA), and chromosomal mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study characterizes various AMR genes in plasmids from meat-derived E. coli isolates, highlighting the diversity and clustering of resistance genes such as bla CTX-M-1, aadA5, sul2, and others, along with their association with specific plasmid incompatibility groups.

The study identifies various ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase genes, including bla SHV-12, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-52, and bla CMY-2, along with the mcr-1 gene conferring colistin resistance in E. coli isolates from food animals in Europe.

The study identified several AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from animals in Greece, including bla CTX-M-1/15, bla TEM, aadA1, aadA2, aphA, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA15, dfrA17, dfrA19, mph, mrx, intI1, tnpISE cp1, qnrS, and qnrB.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in invasive Salmonella serovars in The Gambia, including blaTEM-1B, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, catA1, dfrA7, sul1, sul2, tet(B), and fosA7. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, penicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from retail food samples in Bangkok, including blaTEM-1, tetA, sul2, and dfrA7, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from The Gambia, including aac(6')-Iaa_1, aph_3_Ib, aph_6_Id, dfrA14, dfrA7, dfrA8, blaTEM-1B, catA1_1, fosA7_1, mph_A, sul1, sul2, tet_A, and tet_B. These genes confer resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. The study also found that multidrug resistance (MDR) was primarily associated with Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, especially in the eastern region.

The study identifies dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, and dfrA17 as trimethoprim resistance genes in urinary pathogens, demonstrating their utility in predicting phenotypic resistance without culture.

The study identified a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Greek pigs, with a focus on resistance mechanisms involving bla CTX-M1/15, bla TEM, and bla SHV genes, as well as resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, and colistin.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica isolates, including blaTEM-1B, catA1, sul2, sul1, dfrA7, dfrA14, and mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and parC. These resistance mechanisms contribute to multidrug resistance and emerging resistance to ciprofloxacin and cephalosporins.

The study identified several AMR genes in multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-2, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aad A5, ant(2′′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-VI, aph(6)-Id, ermB, ermD, fosA3, fosA7, mdtM, emrD, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, tetM, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA82, dfrB4, qepA, qepA1, qepA2, qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, qacE, catA1, catA2, catB3, cmlA1, mphA.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 in urban rats in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo, highlighting their potential role as reservoirs of invasive Salmonella. The resistant isolates carried genes such as blaTEM-1, strA, strB, ant(3')-Ia, aac(3')-IId, sul1, sul2, dfrA1, tetB, and catA10, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wild and domestic animals in Thailand, including blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY-2, aac(3)-IV, aadA, tetA, tetB, qnrA, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, and dfrA7, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

The study identifies a diverse array of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes across various plasmid replicon types in enteric pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes in plasmids such as IncHI2, IncN, IncA/C, IncP, IncHI1, and IncFIA. Key AMR genes include aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIg, aac(6')-Ib3, aadA1, aadA5, aph(3'')-Ib, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-27, bla NDM-1, mcr-9.1, and others, which confer resistance to antibiotics such as gentamicin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, colistin, and tetracycline.

The study identifies E. coli ST2797 as a multidrug-resistant clone abundant in wastewater, carrying resistance genes blaTEM-1B, sul2, dfrA7, and tet(B), which confer resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and tetracycline, respectively.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Alexandria, Egypt, including bla OXA-51-like variants, bla OXA-23, bla NDM-1, bla PER-7, bla GES-like, and others, highlighting the widespread resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from Kuwait's marine environment, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and macrolide resistance genes. Additionally, the MFS-type drug efflux gene mdfA was commonly found in E. coli isolates.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Klebsiella isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1, bla SHV, and bla OXA-1, which confer resistance to beta-lactams. Other genes like aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB1, qnrB6, catA1, catA2, catB3, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA27, sul1, sul2, mph(A), tet(A), tet(D), fosA, ARR-3, and oqxAB were also found, contributing to resistance against aminoglycosides, quinolones, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, macrolides, tetracycline, fosfomycin, rifampicin, and quinolones respectively. Mutations in ompK36, ompK37, and acrR were associated with resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, while mutations in RamR were linked to tigecycline resistance.

The study identified the presence of class I integrons and ESBLs, particularly bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and bla SHV, in uropathogenic E. coli isolates from Kerman, Iran. Additionally, various gene cassettes such as dfrA17-aadA5, aadA1-dfrA1, and others were detected, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study characterizes various AMR genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including blaOXA-23, blaPER-7, blaGES-11, blaGES-35, aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib, sul1, sul2, mph(E), msr(E), armA, strA, strB, cmlA5, arr-2, ant(3'')-II, aadA1-pm, tet(B), tet(39), qacEΔ1, and dfrA7.

The study identifies multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi genotype 4.3.1.1 with low-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Zanzibar, highlighting the presence of resistance genes blaTEM-1B, sul1, sul2, dfrA7, catA1, aph(6)-Id, and aph(3")-Ib, along with gyrA mutations D87G and S83F.

The study identified multidrug resistance genes such as sul1, dfrA7, catA1, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib, sul2, and blaTEM-1 in S. Typhi isolates from patients with gallstones. Additionally, point mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA (S83Y) and gyrB (S464F) were observed, contributing to resistance against ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid.

The study identifies various dfrA gene cassettes, including dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA8, and dfrA14, as the primary genetic determinants of trimethoprim resistance in cotrimoxazole-resistant uropathogenic E. coli strains. These genes are found in class 1 and 2 integrons, as well as in transposons.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from patients and the hospital environment, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-1, and various aminoglycoside, macrolide, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim resistance genes. Additionally, PMQR genes like qnrS1, qnrB19, qnrB4, and qepA4 were detected, contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Salmonella Typhi isolates from Mukuru settlement, Nairobi, Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including blaTEM-1B, qnrS1, sul2, tet(A), aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, dfrA14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-88, catA1, qacE, sul1, and tet(B), which are associated with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15 and bla DHA-1 as the primary genes conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Enterobacterales isolated from healthy Tunisian individuals. Additional resistance mechanisms included aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and quinolone resistance genes.

The study identified multidrug resistance genes sul1, dfrA7, catA1, aph(6)-Id, aph(3" )-Ib, sul2, and blaTEM-1 in S. Typhi isolates from household D, along with specific mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and gyrB. Additionally, missense mutations in the treB and tviE genes were observed in isolates from different households.

The study characterizes the global genomic epidemiology of blaGES-5, a carbapenemase-associated integron, highlighting its prevalence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its association with various gene cassettes.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15 as the most prevalent ESBL gene in both human and animal E. coli isolates, along with other resistance genes such as bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-1, and various aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim resistance genes. Mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE were also associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from mammalian wild game, highlighting the prevalence of various AMR genes and mutations across different bacterial species.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from diarrheagenic children in Nairobi, Kenya, highlighting the presence of blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-15, qnrS1, qnrB4, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and other resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from household water in Ibadan, Nigeria, including blaTEM-1B, dfrA14, tetA, qnrS1, and mcr-1, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer and the risk of AMR spread in the environment.

The study identifies that specific dfrA alleles, such as dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA14, and dfrA17, confer trimethoprim resistance in E. coli. The growth behavior of isolates carrying these alleles varies, with some showing a faster growth phenotype in the presence of trimethoprim.

The study characterizes the XDR plasmid p1AB5075, which harbors multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including blaGES-11, aac(6')-Ib10, ant(2")-Ia, aadA2, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, cmlA1, dfrA7, sul1, and qacEΔ1, conferring resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides. The plasmid was successfully transferred to genetically diverse Acinetobacter strains, highlighting its potential for spreading resistance.

The study identifies various acquired antibiotic resistance genes in Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter spp. in the Western Balkans and Hungary, including beta-lactamases like bla VIM-2-like, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-23, and bla OXA-66, aminoglycoside resistance genes such as aacA4, aadA2, and aphA, sulfonamide resistance gene sul1, and others. These genes confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance in the region.

The study identified high levels of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella boydii, with over 60% of isolates classified as multidrug-resistant. Key resistance genes included blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-3, blaDHA-1, mphA, sul1, sul2, dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17, dfrA7, aadA1, aph(3’’)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, tet(A), and tet(B). Mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with ciprofloxacin resistance and reduced susceptibility.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolates from children, including bla_CTXM15, bla_TEM1B, qnrS1, aac6'Ia, catA1, dfrA7, sul1, qacEΔ1, and the gyrA_S83F mutation, which are associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with mastitis, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, aphA3, aacA-aphD, aadD, ermA, msrA, mphC, lnuB, and vanA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and glycopeptides.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli from poultry and other food-producing animals in China, highlighting the prevalence of beta-lactamases, tetracycline resistance genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including blaOXA-23, aadA1, armA, aph(3')-VIa, aph(3')-Ia, and ant(3'')-IIa, in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Egypt.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1D, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA16, strB, qnrS1, sul2, sul1, catII.2, tet(A), dfrA14, arr-3, and mphA, in ESBL-KpSC isolates from East Africa, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.