Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
dihydrofolate reductase
Overview
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dfr(C) | Reslit | 1 | Trimethoprim | Staphylococcus epidermidis | United States | 2009 | NC_002973|NC_002974|NC_002975 | - |
| DfrS1 | Reference Gene CatalogReslit | 8 | TRIMETHOPRIM, Trimethoprim | Staphylococcus aureus +1 | Ireland, Kuwait, United States, Benin, North America|East Asia|Europe, Southeast Nigeria|Nigeria | 2010, 2012, 2016, 2019, 2023, 2025 | GU565967.1 | ADK23694.1 |
| dfrC | Card DatabaseReslit | 18 | Trimethoprim, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole +1 | Staphylococcus epidermidis +11 | East London|West London, Italy, Pacific region|Hawaii, United States, Brazil, Thailand, Northern Greece, Malaysia, China, USA, Egypt, Europe, global, Portugal, South Africa|Canada|India|Finland | 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | PRJEB30498 | AAO04716.1 |
Antistaphylococcal activity of dihydrophthalazine antifolates, a family of novel antibacterial drugs.
The study identifies dihydrophthalazine antifolates as effective against staphylococcal infections, including methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant strains. It characterizes mutations in dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfr(A), dfr(B), and dfr(C)) that confer resistance to trimethoprim.
Analysis of the prototypical Staphylococcus aureus multiresistance plasmid pSK1.
DNA microarray profiling of a diverse collection of nosocomial methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates assigns the majority to the correct sequence type and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type and results in the subsequent identification and characterization of novel SCCmec-SCCM1 composite islands.
The study identifies and characterizes novel SCCmec-SCCM1 composite islands in MRSA isolates, highlighting the presence of various AMR genes such as blaZ, erm(A), aadD, qacA, qacC, merA, merB, fosB, sdrM, aacA-aphD, far1 (fusB), Q6GD50 (fusC), and cat-pC194 (pMC524).
Shifts in the Clonal Distribution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Kuwait Hospitals: 1992-2010.
The study identified various AMR genes in MRSA isolates from Kuwait hospitals, including aphA3, aacA-aphD, ermA, ermC, mupA, tetK, tetM, fusC, far1, msrA, mphC, sat, qacA, qacC, merA, merB, dfrS1, aadD, fosB, cat, sdrM, icaA, icaC, and icaD, which conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics.
Whole genome sequencing revealed new molecular characteristics in multidrug resistant staphylococci recovered from high frequency touched surfaces in London.
The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant staphylococci from high-frequency touched surfaces in London, including blaZ, qacA/B, dfrC, norA, ant(4')-Ib, AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2")-Ia, fusB, msrA, ermC, mphC, tetK, mupA, cat, dfrG, lnuA, fusC, aph3-IIIa, sat4A, vgaA, and others. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol.
Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Patients Admitted to Kuwait Hospitals in 2016-2017.
The study identified LA-MRSA isolates belonging to CC96, CC97, and CC398, with CC97 being the dominant clone. Resistance genes such as erm(A), erm(C), msr(A), aacA-aphD, fusC, tet(K), cat, and dfrS1 were detected, indicating multidrug resistance.
Genomic and Long-Term Transcriptomic Imprints Related to the Daptomycin Mechanism of Action Occurring in Daptomycin- and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Under Daptomycin Exposure.
The study identified various AMR genes and mutations associated with daptomycin resistance in MRSA strains, including genes such as aac(6')-Ib, blaZ, mecA, ermC, fexB, tetM, tet38, dfrC, fosD, and vgaA, as well as mutations in mprF, rpoB, grlA, grlB, and gyrA.
A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Bacterial Pathogens Colonizing Chronic Non-Healing Wound Sites at a United States Military Treatment Facility in the Pacific Region.
The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.
Analysis of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Carriage in Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Equids Using Whole-Genome Sequencing.
The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from equids, including blaZ, mupA, lnuA, tetK, tetL, tetM, norA, dfrC, dfrG, dfrK, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, qacA/B, qacC, and fosB. An isolate (17-021) was found to carry the lnuA gene and mupA plasmid, conferring resistance to clindamycin and mupirocin. A mutation in the prs gene was associated with phenotypic susceptibility to β-lactam drugs in a mecA-positive isolate.
Comparative Phenotypic and Genomic Features of Staphylococci from Sonication Fluid of Orthopedic Implant-Associated Infections with Poor Outcome.
The study identified various AMR genes in Staphylococcus isolates from orthopedic implant-associated infections, including mecA, blaZ, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and erythromycin resistance genes, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance among these isolates.
Novel Organization of the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Composite Island in Clinical Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis Subsp. hominis Isolates from Dogs.
The study identified novel SCC mec composite islands in clinical Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis isolates from dogs, including the aminoglycoside resistance gene aph(2")-Ia, the trimethoprim resistance gene dfrC, and the tetracycline resistance gene tet(K).
Prevalence, Infectious Characteristics and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Two Raw-Meat Processing Establishments in Northern Greece.
The study identified several AMR genes including mecA, blaZ, fexA, tetM, and dfrC in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from meat-processing establishments in Greece. These genes conferred resistance to methicillin, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim, respectively.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus hominis ShoR14 Clinical Isolate from Terengganu, Malaysia, Led to the Discovery of Novel Mobile Genetic Elements.
The study identified multiple AMR genes in the multidrug-resistant S. hominis ShoR14 isolate, including tetK, norA, aac(6')-aph(2"), aadD, blaZ, mecA, mupA, fusC, ermC, sul4, dfrC, and catA7, which contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus associated with a college-aged cohort: life-style factors that contribute to nasal carriage.
The study identified several AMR genes in S. aureus isolates, including blaZ, mecA, tetM, dfrS1, ermA, ermC, msrA, and norA, which conferred resistance to penicillin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin.
Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Biofilm Formation and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Shrimp in China.
The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw shrimp in China, including mecA, mecR1, blaZ, aph(3')-IIIa, aad(6), ANT(4')-Ib, tet(K), mph(C), lnu(A), ermB, ermC, dfrC, dfrG, fosB, SAT-4, rpoB, msr(A), mepA, mepR, norA, mgrA, tet(38), sav1866, arlR, and arlS, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, and others.
Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Screening of MRSA in Patients and Healthcare Workers in Public Hospitals in Benin.
The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in MRSA isolates from Benin, including mecA, aac(6')-Ie/aph(2")-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, blaI, blaR1, blaZ, mecI, mecR1, fosB, erm(C), mph(C), msr(A), qacC, dfrG, and dfrS1, along with mutations in glpT, murA, gyrA, and parC associated with resistance to various antibiotics.
Characterization of the resistome and predominant genetic lineages of Gram-positive bacteria causing keratitis.
The study characterizes the resistome of Gram-positive bacteria causing keratitis, identifying several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to antibiotics such as macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Key findings include the prevalence of ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC, msrA, msrD, mecA, ant(9)-Ia, ant(4′)-Ib, aac(6′)-aph(2″), aph(3′)-III, fosB, tetK, tetM, dfrG, dfrC, and dfrE genes, along with mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.
Resistome, mobilome, and virulome explored in clinical isolates derived from acne patients in Egypt: unveiling unique traits of an emerging coagulase-negative Staphylococcus pathogen.
The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from acne patients in Egypt, including blaZ, mecA, tet(K), erm(C), lnuA, vgaA, dfrC, fusB, fosBx1, norA, and vanT. These genes were found to be located on plasmids and chromosomes, indicating a multidrug-resistant profile.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a Dutch equine referral clinic.
The study identified multiple AMR genes including aac(6')-Ie/aph(2'')-Ia, tetM, dfrK, ermC, and dfrC in MRSA isolates from horses, staff, and the environment. Additionally, mutations in folP, gyrA, and rpoB were found to confer resistance to sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and rifampicin respectively.
Prophage-encoded antibiotic resistance genes are enriched in human-impacted environments.
Human-impacted environments show a significant enrichment of prophage-encoded antibiotic resistance genes (pARGs), which are more prevalent and widely distributed compared to those from low-antibiotic exposure habitats. Experimental validation confirms that some pARGs confer resistance to antibiotics in heterologous hosts.
Population and pan-genomic analyses of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius identify geographic distinctions in accessory gene content and novel loci associated with AMR.
The study identifies novel chromosomal loci associated with antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, including the trimethoprim resistance gene dfRS1, the quinolone resistance determinant grlA_D84H, the lincosamide resistance gene lnuG, and the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene blaTEM-116.
Bats as Hosts of Antimicrobial-Resistant Mammaliicoccus lentus and Staphylococcus epidermidis with Zoonotic Relevance.
The study identified antimicrobial resistance genes in Mammaliicoccus lentus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from bats, including mph(C), msr(A), dfrC, salB, tet(K), str, qacA, arsB, and cadD, highlighting their potential for horizontal gene transfer and environmental co-selection.
AmrProfiler: A Comprehensive Tool for Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Detection and Analysis
AmrProfiler identifies a wide range of AMR genes and mutations across multiple bacterial species, demonstrating high accuracy and broader species coverage compared to existing tools.
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus in small- to medium-scale and large-scale dairy farms in Thailand.
The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus isolates from small- to medium-scale and large-scale dairy farms in Thailand, highlighting differences in resistance profiles between farm types.
Population structure, resistome, and virulome of Staphylococcus chromogenes strains from milk of subclinical bovine mastitis in South Africa.
The study identified four core antimicrobial resistance genes (dfrC, mgrA, norA, and tet(38)) in bovine-derived Staphylococcus chromogenes isolates, which confer resistance to trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. In contrast, porcine-derived isolates harbored a more diverse set of resistance determinants.
Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from Fish, Aquatic Environments, and Fish Handlers in Southeast Nigeria.
The study identified 19 antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from fish, aquatic environments, and fish handlers in Southeast Nigeria, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with various resistance mechanisms.
No comments yet. Be the first to comment!
© 2026 ResLit. Data sourced from PubMed literature analysis.
Built for antimicrobial resistance research