The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from meat products, including resistance to β-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others.

The paper discusses the role of bacteria from animals as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes, highlighting the presence of various AMR genes such as erm(B), tet(M), cfr, and others in different bacterial species, emphasizing their contribution to the spread of resistance.

The study identified the presence of CA-MRSA ST93-IV and LA-MRSA ST398-V in Australian pigs, farm workers, and the environment. It also reported the first linezolid-resistant MRSA isolate in Australia. Resistance mechanisms included genes such as blaZ, ermC, fexA, tetK, tetL, vgaA, lnuB, aadD, aadE, and cfr.

The study reports the first identification of the cfr gene in clinical linezolid-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from Beijing, China. The cfr and fexA genes, along with mutations in the rplC gene encoding ribosomal protein L3, contribute to linezolid resistance in the isolates.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including floR, fexA, and various tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetE, tetH, tetL, tetM, tet34, tet35), associated with resistance to florfenicol and oxytetracycline in gut bacteria from salmon farms. These genes were found in multiple bacterial species, highlighting the widespread nature of AMR in aquatic environments.

The study identifies novel linezolid resistance plasmids containing optrA and cfr genes in Enterococcus isolates from food animals in the USA, highlighting the potential for horizontal transfer of resistance genes.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in MRSA isolates from Guangdong, China, including aac(6')-aph(2"), ermA, ermB, ermC, lnuA, dfrG, rpoB, fexA, and mutations in gyrA, gyrB, grlA, and grlB associated with resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies Tn6674, a novel transposon carrying the optrA gene, which confers resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols, along with fexA, spc, and erm(A) genes, in an Enterococcus faecalis strain.

Florfenicol treatment significantly altered the microbiome and resistome in catfish tanks, promoting the proliferation of florfenicol-resistant genes and inducing mutation-driven resistance.

The study identifies fexA as a novel mobile florfenicol resistance gene in Campylobacter jejuni, demonstrating that its acquisition increases resistance to florfenicol, while its inactivation reduces resistance.

The study identified the optrA gene, which confers resistance to linezolid, tedizolid, and phenicols, and the fexA gene, which encodes a phenicol exporter, in linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates from broiler breeder farms.

The study identifies the cfr gene as a mediator of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pig carcasses, along with the fexA gene contributing to chloramphenicol resistance. Mutations in rplC (G121A) and rplD (C353T) were also found to contribute to linezolid resistance.

The study identified optrA and fexA genes in linezolid- and chloramphenicol-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates from chicken meat in South Korea. These genes were found in both chromosomal and plasmid DNA, and the optrA gene showed two amino acid changes in one isolate, leading to increased linezolid resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in livestock-associated MRSA from German dairy farms, including mecA, fexA, tet(K), tet(M), vga(A), vga(E), dfrG, dfrK, aac(6')Ie-aph(2")Ia, str, spc, lsa(E), and erm(A). These genes conferred resistance to beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, pleuromutilins, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, streptomycin, spectinomycin, macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B.

The study reports the identification of a novel cfr-carrying Tn558 transposon derivative in Staphylococcus delphini isolated from retail food, highlighting the presence of multiple antimicrobial resistance genes including cfr, fexA, aacA-aphD, aadD, and ble.

This study identifies the coexistence of the florfenicol exporter gene fexA and the ribosomal protective protein gene optrA in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from pigs and poultry, highlighting their potential role in multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in ST9 S. aureus, including mecA, blaZ, lnu(B), lsa(E), erm(C), fexA, tet(L), dfrG, vwb, and the MDR ST9 element, highlighting their role in multidrug resistance and host adaptation.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in three multi-drug resistant L. innocua isolates, including tet(M), optrA, fexA, dfrG, lnu(B), lsa(E), ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), aph(3')-IIIa, catA8, lnu(A), msr(D), and mef(A). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, oxazolidinones, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, lincomycin, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified vancomycin-resistant Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolates carrying the vanA gene, along with tetK, blaZ, and fexA genes, indicating resistance to vancomycin, tetracycline, penicillin, and chloramphenicol, respectively.

The study identified optrA, poxtA, fexA, and cfr(D) genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from food-producing animals and meat in Korea, highlighting their role in phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance and horizontal gene transfer.

The paper discusses the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, focusing on beta-lactam, glycopeptide, oxazolidinone, MLS-B, aminoglycoside, and other resistance mechanisms. Key genes identified include blaZ, mecA, mecC, vanA, cfr, ermA, ermC, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-IIIa, and aadD. Mutations in pbp2 and pbp2a were also found to contribute to resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates from goats and their farm environments in Saudi Arabia, including mecA, blaZ, norA, lmrS, mepA, mepR, arlR, arlS, tet(38), mecR1, dfrC, fusC, fosB, fexA, tetM, msrA, mphC, fusB, APH(3′)-IIIa, tetK, and dfrG. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, macrolides, phenicols, diaminopyrimidines, oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, and fosfomycin.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from ready-to-eat food in Russia, including blaZ, mecA, inuA, cat, ermC, dfrG, dfrK, aaC, aaD, ant(9)-Ia, tet(K), tet(cluster), erm(A), erm(C), cat(pC194), and fexA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, lincosamides, phenicols, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies numerous AMR genes in Mycobacteroides abscessus complex, highlighting the widespread presence of resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, and others. Key findings include the detection of beta-lactamases like blaLAP-1 and blaTLA-2, 23S rRNA methyltransferases such as erm(33), erm(43), and erm(44), and various aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Additionally, vancomycin resistance genes like vanA, vanB, and vanC were identified, along with efflux pump genes contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified several florfenicol and oxazolidinone resistance genes, including floR, fexA, cfr, optrA, and poxtA, in livestock farms in China. These genes were found to be prevalent in fecal samples from pigs and chickens, highlighting the risk of their spread through mobile genetic elements.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including fexA, ermC, cfr, aac(6')-aph(2''), dfrG, tetK, blaZ, mecA, norA, tetM, and ermA, in Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species isolated from a swine manure treatment plant, indicating widespread resistance to various antibiotics.

Two linezolid-resistant MRSA strains from pigs in Germany were identified, both harboring plasmid-encoded cfr genes. These strains also had additional AMR genes, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study identified the oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA in an ST480 E. faecalis isolate, along with the phenicol exporter gene fexA, which conferred resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol.

The study found that organic and alternative pig farming practices are associated with reduced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) compared to conventional farming. Specific AMR genes such as mecA, blaZ, blaPC1, and others were more prevalent in conventional farms, while organic farms showed lower levels of AMR genes for aminoglycosides, phenicols, and tetracyclines.

The study identified the optrA and fexA genes as major contributors to oxazolidinone and phenicol resistance in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from swine farms in Zhejiang Province. The optrA gene was found to be prevalent and often co-existed with fexA.

The study describes an in-house 45-plex array for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram-positive bacteria, identifying optrA, poxtA, and vanA as significant resistance markers in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus isolates.

The paper characterizes several MFS multidrug efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus, including QacA, NorA, TetA(K), Tet38, MdeA, SdrM, LmrS, FexA, Tet(63), SfaA, and SbnD, highlighting their roles in conferring resistance to various antimicrobial agents.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC398 isolates from diseased swine in Germany, including beta-lactam, tetracycline, macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B, phenicol, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes. These genes were often located on small transposons or plasmids, contributing to the multidrug resistance profile of the isolates.

The study characterizes antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterococcus raffinosus strains Er676 and ATCC49464, identifying genes such as tetM, ant(9)-Ia, ant(6)-Ia, ermA, efrA, efrB, optrA, and fexA, which confer resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, and phenicols.

The study identifies the optrA gene, which confers resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols, along with other resistance genes such as fexA, erm(A), erm(B), erm(Q), aac(6')-aph(2''), and lnu(P) in the optrA-positive Clostridium perfringens strain QHY-2. These genes are located on a novel plasmid type, highlighting the potential for horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance among C. perfringens strains.

The florfenicol-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain 90_2023 was isolated from a raw sausage and contains several antimicrobial resistance genes, including catA8, fexA, and a truncated optrA gene.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci and mammaliicocci from bulk tank milk, highlighting their role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes.

The study identified several AMR genes in S. aureus isolates from subclinical mastitis in water buffaloes, including tetM, msrB, blaZ, mecA, and fexA. These genes conferred resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin, cefoxitin, and florfenicol, respectively.

The study identified the presence of cfr and fexA genes in a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolate, which conferred resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol. Additionally, the dominant clone ST6-MRSA-IV/t304 was observed among methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates.

The study identified 22 different resistance genes and gene variants, including erm(B), aph(3')-IIIa, aadE, catA, lnu(C), blaOXA, sat4, tet(O), and point mutations in gyrA, 23S rRNA, and rpsL, associated with antimicrobial resistance in thermotolerant Campylobacter spp.

The study identified cfr and fexA genes in linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses, highlighting their role in resistance to linezolid, phenicol, and other antibiotics.

The study identified the presence of florfenicol resistance genes floR and fexA in enteric bacteria, which conferred resistance to phenicols. These genes were detected through metagenomic sequencing.

The linezolid-resistant E. faecalis N23-3408 harbors the optrA gene on a plasmid, along with other resistance genes including cat, erm(B), fexA, tet(L), and tet(M).

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in CoNS isolates from various hosts, highlighting the spread of multidrug resistance and the role of mobile genetic elements in the dissemination of resistance traits.

Florfenicol administration in piglets leads to the selection of multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including those conferring resistance to phenicols, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, and oxazolidinones.

The study identified linezolid-resistant E. faecalis strains carrying the optrA gene, along with other resistance genes such as fexA, ermA/B, and lsa(A).

The study identifies linezolid resistance genes optrA and poxtA in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus thailandicus isolates, along with a vancomycin-variable E. faecium strain. It also reveals the increasing prevalence of E. lactis in the healthy human gut and the complex interplay of bacteriocin gene profiles among Enterococcus species.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from bovine mastitis, including erm(B), erm(C), tet(L), tet(K), mecA, fexA, aac(6')-aph(2''), ant(4')-Ia, ant(6)-Ia, and aph(2'')-Ia. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin, oxacillin, cefoxitin, florfenicol, and gentamicin.

The study identifies the first linezolid-resistant Enterococcus cecorum strain (2023EC-GS-SDAU-1) in China carrying the optrA/fexA resistance gene cluster, highlighting the emergence of oxazolidinone resistance in poultry and the need for enhanced surveillance.

The study identified the optrA gene as the primary mechanism of linezolid resistance in Enterococcus species from cancer patients in China, along with other resistance genes such as tet(M), erm(A), and erm(B).

The study found that epidemic Chinese ST9 isolates carried multiple resistance genes, including fexA, tet(L), and aadE-spw-lsa(E)-lnu(B), exhibiting broad resistance to clinically important antibiotics such as tylosin, florfenicol, and tetracyclines.

The study reports the first detection of livestock-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in wild birds in Brazil, highlighting the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus in a protected Atlantic Forest fragment. The MRSA isolates exhibited a broad resistome, including genes for resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in four multidrug-resistant Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolates from farm ruminants in Peninsular Malaysia, including mecA, ermY, mphC, msrA, tetL, tetS, aadD, ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, fexA, icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, icaR, sspA, ndk, and lgt. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics, including β-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol.