Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Dihydrofolate synthase
Overview
| Protein Change | Nucleotide Change | Mechanism | Organism | Resistance To | Database | Validation Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I43A | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicyclic acidPara-aminosalicylic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | Confirmed |
| I43S | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicyclic acidPASPara-aminosalicylic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder DatabaseReslit |
| Confirmed |
| S98G | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Supported |
| G111S | - | - | - | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| M54I | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| S150G | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPASPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| R49Q | - | - | - | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| Q153A | - | - | - | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| Q153G | - | - | - | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| I43T | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPASPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| A367G | - | - | Mycobacterium bovis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| D135G | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| E40G | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| I43G | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| E153G | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPASPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| R49P | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| E153A | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPASPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| R341C | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| K144T | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| R145Q | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| T20P | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | Confirmed |
| R49W | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | Confirmed |
| A420V | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Card Database | Established |
| R91W | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | Confirmed |
| E40Q | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | Confirmed |
| L56V | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | Confirmed |
| S150C | - | single resistance variant | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicyclic acid | Card DatabaseResFinder Database | Confirmed |
| F152S | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicyclic acid | ResFinder Database | Established |
| S150R | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicyclic acid | ResFinder Database | Established |
| F152L | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicyclic acid | ResFinder Database | Established |
| A183P | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicyclic acid | ResFinder Database | Established |
| N73S | - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicyclic acid | ResFinder Database | Established |
| - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| G131D | - | - | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
| - | - | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Para-aminosalicylic acid | Reslit | Candidate |
Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Serially Isolated Multi-Drug and Extensively Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Thai Patients.
The study identified several AMR genes and mutations associated with drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, including rrs, gyrA, inhA, katG, rpoB, embB, pncA, and folC, as well as a novel mutation in Rv2477c linked to kanamycin and amikacin resistance.
Machine learning and structural analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pan-genome identifies genetic signatures of antibiotic resistance.
The study identifies 33 known AMR genes and 24 new genetic signatures of AMR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using machine learning and structural analysis. It also reveals 97 epistatic interactions across 10 resistance classes and provides mechanistic insights into the selection of these genes.
Multi-omics comparisons of p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) resistance in folC mutated and un-mutated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.
The study identifies folC mutations and dfrA overexpression as key mechanisms of p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. folC mutations reduce PAS bioactivation, while dfrA overexpression compensates for PAS-induced folate depletion.
Role of Whole-Genome Sequencing in Characterizing the Mechanism of Action of para-Aminosalicylic Acid and Its Resistance.
Molecular mechanisms of underlying genetic factors and associated mutations for drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The study identifies several genes and mutations associated with drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including katG, inhA, rpoB, embB, pncA, rpsL, rrs, gyrA, thyA, and folC, which are linked to resistance against isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampicin, streptomycin, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and para-aminosalicylic acid.
Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant and Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in Tianjin, China.
The study characterized various AMR genes and mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates using whole-genome sequencing, identifying key resistance mechanisms for several antibiotics.
Determination of critical concentration for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against para-aminosalicylic acid with clinical isolates with thyA, folC and dfrA mutations.
The study identifies thyA, folC, and dfrA mutations as the primary mechanisms of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It establishes 4 μg/ml as the critical concentration for distinguishing PAS-susceptible and resistant isolates.
Comparative genomics analysis of the multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila MX16A providing insights into antibiotic resistance genes.
The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Aeromonas hydrophila MX16A, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, tetracycline efflux pumps, and quinolone resistance determinants, contributing to its multidrug-resistant phenotype.
Whole genome sequencing reveals candidate genes involving in PAS resistance in M. Tuberculosis isolated from patients in Thailand.
The study identified mutations in thyA, thyX, folC, and ribD genes, along with intergenic regions, that contribute to PAS resistance in M. tuberculosis. These mutations were validated through complementation assays and MIC testing.
Genetic diversities and drug resistance in Mycobacterium bovis isolates from zoonotic tuberculosis using whole genome sequencing.
The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Mycobacterium bovis isolates, including resistance to isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, pyrazinamide, d-cycloserine, rifampin, delamanid, and para-aminosalicylic acid.
Genomic characteristics, virulence potential, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and phylogenetic insights into Nocardia cyriacigeorgica.
The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, including VanSO and VanRO for vancomycin resistance, erm(O)-Irm, srmB, and ermH for macrolide resistance, bla1 and bcl for beta-lactam resistance, CTX-M and KPC for cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance, tetA(58) and tetB(58) for tetracycline resistance, folC and folP for sulfonamide resistance, rbpA and rpoB2 for rifamycin resistance, murA and AbaF for fosfomycin resistance, cmlR for chloramphenicol resistance, and VatF and VatE for streptogramin resistance.
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