The study identified and characterized the tetracycline resistance gene tet(W) and the lincomycin resistance gene lnu(A) carried on plasmids pLR581 and pLR585 in Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730. These plasmids were successfully removed, resulting in the strain L. reuteri DSM 17938, which lost the corresponding resistances.

The study characterizes various methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones, highlighting their antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated markers, with a focus on SCC mec types and PVL status.

The study identified the erythromycin resistance gene mef(A/E) in Pediococcus pentosaceus and Weissella cibaria, and the lincosamide resistance gene lnu(A) in Pediococcus pentosaceus.

The study identified the erythromycin resistance gene mef(A/E) in Pediococcus pentosaceus and Weissella cibaria, and the lincosamide resistance gene lnu(A) in Pediococcus pentosaceus.

The study characterized the lncosamide nucleotidylyltransferases lnu(A) and lnu(D), demonstrating their ability to inactivate lincosamide antibiotics through nucleotidylylation. Structural analysis revealed distinct C-terminal domains that contribute to substrate specificity.

The study identified various MLS resistance genes, including erm(C), mph(C), erm(B), ere(A), vga(A), lnu(A), and msr(A)/msr(B), in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from bovine mastitis, highlighting a high prevalence of inducible MLS resistance.

The study identified erm(C), erm(B), erm(A), msr(A), and lnu(A) as the primary genes responsible for resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B in Staphylococcus hominis isolates.

The study characterizes the lnuA gene, which confers lincomycin resistance, and identifies plasmids pSELNU1, pSELNU2, and pSELNU3 carrying this gene. These plasmids were successfully transferred to various Gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating the potential for horizontal gene transfer of lincomycin resistance.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes in Clostridium bolteae and Clostridium clostridioforme, including beta-lactamases, glycopeptide resistance operons, macrolide and lincosamide resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Notably, C. bolteae 90B3 exhibited resistance to linezolid, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and tiamulin due to the presence of the 23S rRNA methyltransferase gene cfr. Additionally, C. clostridioforme 90A8 possessed a VanB-type operon conferring vancomycin resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in MRSA isolates from healthy turkeys and broilers, including ermA, ermB, ermC, tetK, tetM, lnuA, mphC, vgaA, aadD, aphA3, blaZ, blaI, blaR, and mecA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, lincomycin, macrolides, streptogramins, tobramycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and beta-lactam antibiotics.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in Lactobacillus isolates from chickens, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms in these bacteria.

The paper discusses various antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in staphylococci of animal origin, highlighting their roles in resistance to multiple antibiotics such as macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and others. Key genes include erm, msr, mph, ere, lnu, vga, cfr, optrA, dfr, fus, ileS2, blaZ, aadD, ble, fosD, fosB, czrC, and qac genes, which confer resistance to specific antibiotics and are prevalent in different staphylococcal species.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, and lincosamide resistance genes in turkey-derived lactobacilli, including tetL, tetM, tetW, ermB, ermC, lnuA, aadE, ant(6)-Ia, cat, and lsaE. These genes were associated with resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, lincomycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tiamulin.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in MRSA isolates from Guangdong, China, including aac(6')-aph(2"), ermA, ermB, ermC, lnuA, dfrG, rpoB, fexA, and mutations in gyrA, gyrB, grlA, and grlB associated with resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies various AMR genes such as erm(A), erm(C), mupA, vga(A), and lnu(A) in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) from humans and pets, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and potential for interspecies transmission.

The study identifies and characterizes MLS B resistance genes, including erm(A), erm(C), lnu(A), msr(A), msr(B), and mph(C), in various coagulase-negative staphylococci species, highlighting their distribution and association with resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant staphylococci from high-frequency touched surfaces in London, including blaZ, qacA/B, dfrC, norA, ant(4')-Ib, AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2")-Ia, fusB, msrA, ermC, mphC, tetK, mupA, cat, dfrG, lnuA, fusC, aph3-IIIa, sat4A, vgaA, and others. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified several antibiotic and biocide resistance genes in Staphylococcus species associated with bovine mastitis in Rwanda, including blaZ, tet(K), erm(C), vga(A), sal(A), lnu(A), msr(A), dfrA, dfrD, dfrG, smr, qacAB, cadD, copB, and arsA. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim, and biocides like quaternary ammonium compounds.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaZ, tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), and various erm genes, in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food products in Denmark. Additionally, the tst gene was detected in CC398 and CC45 isolates, indicating the presence of toxic shock syndrome toxin.

The paper describes the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Clostridium and Brachyspira spp. and other anaerobes, focusing on the genetic basis of resistance to various antibiotics, including tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, and others. It highlights the role of specific genes such as tet, erm, and cat in conferring resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Staphylococcus and Streptococcus isolates from bovine milk, including blaZ, mecA, erm(C), aac(aph)D, tetK, tetL, tetM, lnuA, erm(A), erm(B), aphA-3, aad-6, and optrA, indicating widespread resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and linezolid.

The study identified several AMR genes in mink pathogens, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-1), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA5, aadA1), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul2), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA8, dfrA14), macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin B resistance genes (erm), lincomycin resistance gene (lnu(A)), spectinomycin resistance gene (spc), and additional sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul3, dfrK, dfrG).

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tetM, tetL, and tetO, macrolide/lincosamide resistance genes ermTR, ermB, and lnu, and aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6')-Ib in Streptococcus agalactiae isolates. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes including aacA-aphD, tetM, ermB, and lnuA in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus schleiferi, and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pet dogs with superficial pyoderma. These genes conferred resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and lincomycin.

The study identified antimicrobial resistance genes qacA, dfrG, and qacC in Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates, highlighting their role in resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, trimethoprim, and biocides respectively.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in chicken manure, mushroom residues, and heat-treated chicken manure, highlighting the impact of different organic manures on the soil resistome. Key findings include the enrichment of specific ARGs such as aadE, aadD, qacE1, qacH, lnuA, vatE, and tetL in soils treated with various manures, indicating the potential for ARG transfer through manure application.

The study identified several AMR genes in LAB strains, including aph(3")-IIIa, erm(B), lnu(A), msr(C), tet(K), and tet(M), which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincomycins, and tetracyclines. These findings highlight the potential of LAB as reservoirs of AMR genes.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from equids, including blaZ, mupA, lnuA, tetK, tetL, tetM, norA, dfrC, dfrG, dfrK, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, qacA/B, qacC, and fosB. An isolate (17-021) was found to carry the lnuA gene and mupA plasmid, conferring resistance to clindamycin and mupirocin. A mutation in the prs gene was associated with phenotypic susceptibility to β-lactam drugs in a mecA-positive isolate.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in three multi-drug resistant L. innocua isolates, including tet(M), optrA, fexA, dfrG, lnu(B), lsa(E), ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), aph(3')-IIIa, catA8, lnu(A), msr(D), and mef(A). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, oxazolidinones, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, lincomycin, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identifies and characterizes the transferable trimethoprim resistance gene dfrE in Staphylococcus sciuri C2865, which confers high-level resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from coastal beaches and rivers on the island of Hawai'i, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and Staphylococcus aureus, including lnuA, blaZ, ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC, msrA, aadD, aac-aph, str, and norA. These genes conferred resistance to lincomycin, penicillin, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and multiple antibiotics.

The study identified various AMR genes, including aadA1, aadA2, blaCFE-1, cmlA1, dfrA12, mdf(A), sul3, tet(34), and lnu(A), in pig fecal microbiomes. Notably, the lnu(A) gene was exclusively found in conventional farms and associated with Lactobacillus species.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from Miranda donkeys and their handlers, including blaZ, aph(3')-IIIa, tetK, tetL, tetM, lnuA, ermB, ermC, mecA, and optrA. These genes confer resistance to penicillins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, lincomycins, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, methicillin, and linezolid.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cattle, farm workers, and their environment, highlighting the potential for transmission between hosts and the need for monitoring AMR in One Health contexts.

This review highlights the presence of various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bioaerosols, emphasizing their role in the spread of antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer. Key ARGs identified include those conferring resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, and macrolides.

The study identified 18 AMR genes in Limosilactobacillus species, primarily in L. reuteri from animal sources, including tetracycline, aminoglycoside, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, and lincomycin resistance genes.

The study identifies a novel lnu(A)-carrying plasmid, pCGMH_SL138, which contributes to multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus lugdunensis. The plasmid contains resistance genes for aminoglycosides, tetracycline, cadmium, and chlorhexidine, and confers resistance to lincomycin.

The study identified ermG as a gene that increased in abundance in the feces of treated pigs compared to those that did not receive post-PRRS antimicrobials, indicating its role in macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance.

The study identifies abm, msr, and lnuA as genes contributing to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and lincomycin resistance in Staphylococcus equorum KM1031, respectively.

The study identified several AMR genes in L. monocytogenes strains, including Lde, aadB, aac(3)-IIa(aacC2), sulI, sulII, lnuA, lnuB, and mefA, which confer resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycin.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in manure samples from a swine finishing facility, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and other antibiotics. Key genes included tet(M), lnuA, erm(35), aadS, mphB, dfrG, vga-type ABC-F, lsa-type ABC-F, msr-type ABC-F, optrA, and others, primarily found in Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. These genes were associated with resistance mechanisms such as target alteration, antibiotic inactivation, and efflux pumps.

The study found that organic and alternative pig farming practices are associated with reduced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) compared to conventional farming. Specific AMR genes such as mecA, blaZ, blaPC1, and others were more prevalent in conventional farms, while organic farms showed lower levels of AMR genes for aminoglycosides, phenicols, and tetracyclines.

Two AMR genes were detected: lnu(A) in a clindamycin-susceptible and lincomycin-resistant Limosilactobacillus reuteri isolate, and tet(W) in multiple Bifidobacterium isolates.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from bovine mastitis milk samples in China, including ermB, ermA, lnuA, tetM, tetK, tetS, and tetO. These genes conferred resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from white stork nestlings, including blaZ, ermA, ermT, tetK, and lnuA, which confer resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Most isolates were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) with low levels of AMR.

The study identified various AMR genes associated with resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins in Enterococci, including ermB, ermA, ermC, ereA, lnuA, mphC, mefA, and mefE. These genes were found to be highly prevalent and contribute to the resistance mechanisms observed in the isolates.

The study identified several AMR genes associated with erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, including ermC, ermA, ermB, msrA, msrB, lnuA, and mphC. These genes were detected through PCR and phenotypic analysis.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in probiotic bacteria, highlighting the presence of mobile genetic elements and the potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified various plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance genes in Malaysian MRSA isolates, including ermC, cat, tetK, tetL, aadD, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, lnuA, cadAC, cadDX, copB, mco, arsB, arsC, and qacA, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Desulfovibrio vulgaris L2, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and mercury resistance genes, highlighting its potential role in spreading antibiotic resistance in agricultural environments.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC398 isolates from diseased swine in Germany, including beta-lactam, tetracycline, macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B, phenicol, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes. These genes were often located on small transposons or plasmids, contributing to the multidrug resistance profile of the isolates.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw shrimp in China, including mecA, mecR1, blaZ, aph(3')-IIIa, aad(6), ANT(4')-Ib, tet(K), mph(C), lnu(A), ermB, ermC, dfrC, dfrG, fosB, SAT-4, rpoB, msr(A), mepA, mepR, norA, mgrA, tet(38), sav1866, arlR, and arlS, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, and others.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs in Argentina and the United States, highlighting differences in resistance profiles between the two regions.

The study identified the presence of the tetracycline resistance gene tetK in Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolates, which was associated with tetracycline resistance. The gene was found on small plasmids, suggesting a potential mechanism for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in extraintestinal E. coli populations from broilers treated with enrofloxacin. Key findings include the presence of qnrB19 and qnrS1 genes, which confer fluoroquinolone resistance, and mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Additionally, multiple other AMR genes were detected, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study identifies three S. rostri isolates carrying resistance genes str (streptomycin) and lnuA (lincomycin). These genes were found to be plasmid-mediated, indicating potential horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci and mammaliicocci from bulk tank milk, highlighting their role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in staphylococci isolated from the skin microbiota of healthy goats and sheep, including mecA, blaZ, tetL, tetK, ermB, ermC, lnu, and grlA. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as methicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from European hakes, including blaZ, mphC, msr(A/B), lnuA, vgaA, fusB, and dfrA, which confer resistance to penicillin, macrolides/lincosamides, fusidic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. These CoNS isolates also carry virulence factors such as scn and hla.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Shanghai, China, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, and fosfomycin.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from acne patients in Egypt, including blaZ, mecA, tet(K), erm(C), lnuA, vgaA, dfrC, fusB, fosBx1, norA, and vanT. These genes were found to be located on plasmids and chromosomes, indicating a multidrug-resistant profile.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from acne patients in Egypt, including blaZ, mecA, tet(K), erm(C), lnuA, vgaA, dfrC, fusB, fosBx1, norA, and vanT. These genes were found to be located on plasmids and chromosomes, indicating a multidrug-resistant profile.

The study identified two bacteriocin gene clusters, aureocin 4181 in MRSA 23ad and epidermicin NI01 in S. epidermidis 84ad, which are involved in the production of antimicrobial substances that inhibit the growth of other staphylococcal species.

The study identified novel methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) lineages, including ST726 and ST551, and characterized antimicrobial resistance genes such as mecA, blaZ, tetK, and mupA. It also noted a high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) among MRSP isolates.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis milk, including mecA, blaZ, tetK, ermC, lnuA, and lnuB. These genes were associated with resistance to penicillins, tetracyclines, erythromycin, and lincomycin.

The study identified eight resistance genes in Trueperella pyogenes isolates from small ruminants in western China, including ant(2")-Ia, ant(3")-Ia, cmlA1, cmx, erm(X), lnu(A), sul1, and tet(W). These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study identifies specific AMR genes and mutations in ST88 isolates, including dfrG, aadD, lnu(A), and dfrA, as well as mutations in grlA, gyrA, grlB, and rpoB that contribute to fluoroquinolone and rifampicin resistance.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, and a livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strain, carrying various resistance genes such as mecA, blaZ, erm(C), aac(6')-aph(2''), and others, highlighting the presence of AMR in public environments.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in odontogenic abscesses using NGS, including genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, penicillins, and others. Notably, Fusobacterium showed resistance to clindamycin.

The study identifies linezolid resistance genes optrA and poxtA in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus thailandicus isolates, along with a vancomycin-variable E. faecium strain. It also reveals the increasing prevalence of E. lactis in the healthy human gut and the complex interplay of bacteriocin gene profiles among Enterococcus species.

The study identified two antibiotic resistance genes, lnu(A) and erm(B), in Pediococcus pentosaceus MBBL6, which confer resistance to linezolid and macrolides, respectively.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus hominis, including erm(C), tetK, acc(6')-Ie aph(2''), aph(3')-IIIa, ant(4')-Ia, msr(B), mph(C), lnu(A), and vga, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. The majority of the strains exhibited multidrug resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from Spain, including beta-lactamases, quinolone resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and aminoglycoside resistance genes. Chromosomal mutations in the gyrA gene were also found to contribute to quinolone resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus isolates from yak milk, including blaZ, mecA, gyrA, glrB, gyrB, lnuA, tetK, aacA-aphD, vga, and ermC, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, methicillin, tetracycline, and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies ermB, ereA, msrA, mefA, and mefE as key genes associated with MLS resistance in Streptococci, highlighting the role of efflux mechanisms and ribosomal methylation in conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins.

The study identifies a novel variant of a CC15 livestock-associated MRSA strain from Egypt that carries the exfoliative toxin gene etA, highlighting potential increased virulence and the need for enhanced surveillance.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus isolates from small- to medium-scale and large-scale dairy farms in Thailand, highlighting differences in resistance profiles between farm types.

The study identified plasmid-borne AMR genes such as tet(M) and erm(B) in some Pediococcus acidilactici strains, highlighting the need for careful safety assessments of probiotics.

The study presents ROCker models for the reliable detection and typing of short-read sequences carrying mcr, erm, mph, and lnu antibiotic resistance genes. These models demonstrate improved performance in detecting these genes compared to traditional methods.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with mastitis, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, aphA3, aacA-aphD, aadD, ermA, msrA, mphC, lnuB, and vanA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and glycopeptides.

The study identified several tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and MLS resistance genes in the fecal microbiome of gilts, with no significant increases in ARG abundance following exposure to semen extenders containing antibiotics.

The study identifies the lincomycin resistance gene lnuA in Staphylococcus equorum KS1030, which is upregulated under lincomycin stress and contributes to resistance. The gene is part of plasmids involved in horizontal gene transfer.