The paper provides an updated overview of drug efflux pumps in bacteria, focusing on their structure, mechanisms, and roles in multidrug resistance. It highlights the importance of RND, MFS, MATE, SMR, and ABC transporters in efflux-mediated resistance.

The study identifies vga(A), lsa(A), and cfr as genes that confer resistance to various antibiotics targeting the ribosome, with evidence supporting a ribosomal protection mechanism rather than efflux.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from macaque cephalic implants, highlighting the presence of high-level aminoglycoside resistance, tetracycline resistance, and bacitracin resistance. These findings emphasize the complexity of AMR in clinical settings and the need for targeted antimicrobial strategies.

The study identified several AMR genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterobacter hormaechei isolated from neonatal feeding tubes, including lsaA (macrolide resistance), tetM (tetracycline resistance), blaACT-15 (beta-lactam resistance), and fosA (fosfomycin resistance).

The study identifies VgaA and LsaA as ABCF proteins that confer resistance to lincosamide antibiotics by protecting the ribosomal peptidyl transferase centre (PTC) from inhibition. VgaA and LsaA require NTP hydrolysis for their function and the extended inter-ABC linker region is critical for their activity.

The study identified 293 environment-specific genes and found that blood-originating strains had the highest number of antibiotic resistance genes, including vanA and vanB-type vancomycin resistance clusters.

The study characterizes various AMR genes involved in resistance to multiple antibiotics, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and others, in different bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Serratia marcescens.

The study identifies various tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in Lactobacillus species, highlighting their potential role in antimicrobial resistance and horizontal gene transfer.

The study evaluated the effectiveness of sraX in analyzing the resistome of 197 Enterococcus spp. strains, confirming 99.15% of the resistance detections from a previous study. Several AMR genes were identified and validated, showing high concordance between genotypic and phenotypic resistance data.

The study identified several AMR genes in Enterococcus spp., including erm(B), tet(M), optrA, dfrE, lsa(A), aac(6')-Ib, eat(A), ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, sat4, tet(L), bcrB, bcrC, dfrF, and dfrG, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as macrolides, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, trimethoprim, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(M) and tet(L) in Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus anginosus, and the lsaA gene associated with resistance to clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin in E. faecalis. These genes were validated through PCR, genome sequencing, and functional analysis.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The lsaA gene was identified in Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides NCDO 768 T and Leuconostoc fallax ATCC 700006 T, conferring resistance to clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin. The gene's expression increased in the presence of these antibiotics, indicating its role in resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including msrC, lsaA, aac(6')-Ii, vanC, and tetM, in enterococci isolated from probiotic products, highlighting the potential risk of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in these isolates.

The study identified vanB genes in two vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates and characterized various tetracycline, macrolide, lincosamide, and aminoglycoside resistance genes in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates from different sources in Estonia.

The paper discusses ribosome protection proteins (RPPs) as significant contributors to antibiotic resistance, particularly against tetracyclines, fusidic acid, and various other antibiotics targeting the ribosome. Key RPPs include TetM, TetO, FusB, VgaA, LsaA, MsrE, MsrA, optrA, and poxtA, which confer resistance through mechanisms involving direct interaction with the ribosome and displacement of antibiotics.

The study identifies and characterizes the structural basis of resistance mediated by ABCF proteins LsaA, VgaA LC, and VgaL against pleuromutilin, lincosamide, and streptogramin A antibiotics in Gram-positive pathogens.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in metagenomic assemblies from apical periodontal infections, highlighting the presence of multidrug resistance mechanisms in Enterobacter and Pseudomonas species.

The study identified various antibiotic-resistance genes in three strains of Enterococcus faecalis associated with streptococcosis in fish, including genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, and vancomycin.

The study describes an in-house 45-plex array for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram-positive bacteria, identifying optrA, poxtA, and vanA as significant resistance markers in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus isolates.

The study characterizes AMR genes and mutations in non-beta-hemolytic streptococci, highlighting high resistance rates to beta-lactams, MLS, and tetracyclines, with specific resistance mechanisms involving erm(A), erm(B), lnu(C), lsa(A), meff, and tet(M).

The study identifies several antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterococcus species isolated from livestock in South Africa, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and emphasizing the need for genomic surveillance to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance in food chain animals.

The study characterizes several antimicrobial resistance genes, including tet(W), tet(Q), mdf(A), erm(B), lsa(A), and aac(6')-Iaa, through the use of a spiked-in mock community and long-read sequencing.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterococcus spp. isolated from livestock and raw meat in Ghana, including genes conferring resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and other antibiotics. Notable genes include aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), erm(T), msr(C), lsa(A), lsa(E), lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M), tet(S), dfrG, cat, pbp5, and ClpL.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Shanghai, China, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, and fosfomycin.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Enterococcus isolates, including vanB for vancomycin resistance, lsaA, lsaE, lnuB for lincosamide resistance, tetM and tetL for tetracycline resistance, aac6'-Ii, aac6'-aph2'', aph3'-III, and ant6-Ia for aminoglycoside resistance, msrC, ermB, and ermT for macrolide resistance, and mutations in gyrA, parC, pbp5, and 23S rRNA for fluoroquinolone, penicillin, and linezolid resistance.

The study identified antibiotic resistance genes lsaA, tetM, and ermB in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from human breast milk, with fewer resistance genes compared to clinical isolates. Mutations in gyrA and parC were observed in clinical isolates, contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified linezolid-resistant E. faecalis strains carrying the optrA gene, along with other resistance genes such as fexA, ermA/B, and lsa(A).

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in opportunistic pathogenic bacteria isolated from farm-reared crickets, including beta-lactamases such as blaSHV-81, blaSHV-110, blaZ, blaOXY-2-6, blaACT-16, blaSHV-70, blaSHV-13, and blaSHV-11, as well as genes for fosfomycin resistance (fosB1, fosA), tetracycline resistance (tet(J)), and disinfectant resistance (qacG).

The study identified vancomycin resistance genes (vanC, vanXY-C2) in a vancomycin-susceptible E. faecalis isolate, along with optrA, tetM, ermB, lsa(A), msr(C), and ant(6)-Ia genes in Enterococcus isolates, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains in salad vegetables.

The study identified the optrA gene as the primary mechanism of linezolid resistance in Enterococcus species from cancer patients in China, along with other resistance genes such as tet(M), erm(A), and erm(B).

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Enterococcus faecalis isolates from public gymnasium equipment, highlighting their potential to resist various antibiotics and posing a health risk in communal environments.

The study identified lsa(A) as an intrinsic resistance gene in Enterococcus faecalis isolates, conferring resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin. No vancomycin-resistant genes were found, and the ARG profiles were consistent with antimicrobial susceptibility tests.