Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Phosphoethanolamine transferase
Overview
| Allele | Database | Papers | Drug Classes | Organisms | Countries | Years | Sequence Accession | Protein Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mcr-10 | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | 28 | COLISTIN, Colistin +2 | Enterobacter roggenkampii +18 | China|Australia|Spain|Netherlands|USA|Japan|Germany|France|Canada|Thailand|Vietnam, China|Spain|Germany|Japan|United Kingdom|Portugal|Vietnam|France|Italy|Belgium|Brazil|Canada|South Korea|Switzerland|Europe|The Netherlands|Romania|Bangladesh|Turkey|Paraguay|Lebanon|Algeria|Netherlands|Iraq|Tunisia|Pakistan|Nigeria, Middle East|Egypt, China, China|Brazil|Ecuador|Argentina|Egypt|United Kingdom|Japan|South Korea|France, Japan, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China, China|Japan|United Kingdom|Germany|Switzerland|Vietnam, global|China|Thailand|USA|Turkey|Spain|Nigeria|Korea|Japan|Italy|France|England|Czech Republic|Cambodia|Brazil|Belgium|Bangladesh|Portugal|Canada|Switzerland|Germany, Zhejiang, China|China, Italy, Belgium|Netherlands, Nigeria, Czech Republic, South Korea, Southern Taiwan, China|Belgium|Switzerland|India|Philippines|Japan|Thailand, Europe |
| 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| MN179494 |
| - |
| MCR-10.1 | Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder DatabaseReslit | 8 | Colistin, COLISTIN | Enterobacter cloacae +6 | Sierra Leone, China, USA|China|Spain|Australia|Japan|Switzerland|Netherlands|Brazil|Taiwan|New Hampshire, USA|global | 2022, 2024, 2025 | MW048777 | QDO66747.1 |
| mcr-2_700bp | Reslit | 1 | Colistin | Escherichia coli | Ghana | 2022 | - | - |
| mcr-like | Reslit | 1 | Colistin | Avibacterium paragallinarum | Europe|America|Africa | 2024 | CP024443.2|PRJNA1044294|SAMN38380366|SAMN38380376|SAMN38380375|SAMN38380422|PRJNA1048828|SAMN38658941|SAMN38658940|GCF_002921155.1 | - |
| mcr-7.2 | Reslit | 2 | Colistin | Aeromonas caviae | China, Europe|Asia|North America|South America | 2024, 2025 | JAVHYK000000000 | - |
| mcr-3.43 | Reslit | 2 | Colistin | Aeromonas caviae | China, Europe|Asia|North America|South America | 2024, 2025 | JAVHYK000000000 | - |
| mcr-14 | Reslit | 1 | Polymyxin | Escherichia coli +1 | - | 2025 | - | - |
| mcr-15 | Reslit | 1 | Polymyxin | Escherichia coli +1 | - | 2025 | - | - |
| mcr-16 | Reslit | 1 | Polymyxin | Escherichia coli +1 | - | 2025 | - | - |
| mcr10.1 | Reslit | 1 | Colistin | Enterobacter hormaechei +1 | southwestern Nigeria | 2025 | PRJEB29739 | - |
| mcr-10.5 | ResFinder Database | 1 | COLISTIN | Enterobacter cloacae | - | - | OM638112 | - |
| mcr-10.4 | ResFinder Database | 1 | COLISTIN | - | - | - | JAGFWU010000059 | - |
| mcr-10.3 | ResFinder Database | 1 | COLISTIN | - | - | - | JAGFWV010000051 | - |
| mcr-10.2 | ResFinder Database | 1 | COLISTIN | - | - | - | JAGFWW010000009 | - |
| MCR-10.5 | Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder Database | 4 | COLISTIN | Enterobacter cloacae | - | - | OM638112.1 | WP_242934127.1 |
| MCR-10.2 | Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder Database | 3 | COLISTIN | Enterobacter kobei | - | - | JAGFWW010000009.1 | MBO4154571.1 |
| MCR-10.3 | Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder Database | 3 | COLISTIN | Enterobacter kobei | - | - | JAGFWV010000051.1 | MBO4158890.1 |
| MCR-10.4 | Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder Database | 3 | COLISTIN | Enterobacter ludwigii | - | - | JAGFWU010000059.1 | MBO4150342.1 |
| MCR-10.6 | Reference Gene Catalog | 1 | COLISTIN | Enterobacter vonholyi | - | - | JBSSTC010000013.1 | MHC0026586.1 |
| mcr-10.1 | Card Database | 1 | - | Enterobacter roggenkampii | - | - | MN179494.1 | QDO66747.1 |
Identification of novel mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-10.
Identification of novel mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-10.
The study identifies a novel mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-10, which confers a 4-fold increase in colistin MIC when cloned into a colistin-susceptible strain of Enterobacter roggenkampii. The gene was found in various Enterobacteriaceae species across multiple continents.
Potential Mobilization of mcr-10 by an Integrative Mobile Element via Site-Specific Recombination in Cronobacter sakazakii.
The study identifies mcr-10 on a 120-kb IncFIB plasmid in a Cronobacter sakazakii isolate, demonstrating its mobilization through site-specific recombination mediated by an integrase.
Current Update on Intrinsic and Acquired Colistin Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria.
The paper reviews intrinsic and acquired colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria, highlighting the role of genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, mgrB, arnBCADTEF, and mcr genes in conferring resistance. It discusses the importance of these genes in the context of colistin resistance and their implications for clinical treatment.
Colistin Resistant mcr Genes Prevalence in Livestock Animals (Swine, Bovine, Poultry) from a Multinational Perspective. A Systematic Review.
The review highlights the widespread prevalence of mcr genes, particularly mcr-1, in livestock animals across multiple countries, emphasizing the need for improved surveillance and control measures to mitigate the spread of colistin resistance.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bovine Mastitis and Raw Milk: The First Emergence of Colistin mcr-10 and Fosfomycin fosA5 Resistance Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Middle East.
The study reports the first emergence of colistin resistance gene mcr-10 and fosfomycin resistance gene fosA5 in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from bovine milk in the Middle East.
Comparing Long-Read Assemblers to Explore the Potential of a Sustainable Low-Cost, Low-Infrastructure Approach to Sequence Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria With Oxford Nanopore Sequencing.
The study identifies the presence of the bla KPC gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using long-read sequencing, highlighting its role in carbapenem resistance.
Emergence of Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-10 in Enterobacterales Isolates Recovered from Fecal Samples of Chickens, Slaughterhouse Workers, and a Nearby Resident.
The study identifies the mcr-10 gene as a novel colistin resistance gene in Enterobacterales isolates from chickens, slaughterhouse workers, and a nearby resident. It also reports the presence of mcr-10 in both plasmids and the chromosome, highlighting its potential for spread among different hosts.
First Report of the Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-10.1 Carried by Inc(pA1763-KPC) Plasmid pSL12517-mcr10.1 in Enterobacter cloacae in Sierra Leone.
The study reports the first occurrence of the mcr-10.1 gene in Africa, specifically in a clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae from Sierra Leone, carried on an Inc(pA1763-KPC) plasmid. The gene was found to confer resistance to colistin.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Companion Animals: Focus on mcr Genes and Zoonotic Transmission
The study identifies various mcr genes, including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-9, and mcr-10, in companion animals such as dogs and cats, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and potential zoonotic transmission.
Carbapenemase Production and Detection of Colistin-Resistant Genes in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia Coli from the Ho Teaching Hospital, Ghana.
The study detected mcr-1 and mcr-2_700bp colistin-resistant genes in 3 out of 135 E. coli isolates, representing 2.2% prevalence.
Frequent convergence of mcr-9 and carbapenemase genes in Enterobacter cloacae complex driven by epidemic plasmids and host incompatibility.
The study identifies the frequent convergence of mcr-9 and carbapenemase genes in Enterobacter cloacae complex, highlighting the role of epidemic plasmids in their dissemination.
Colistin Susceptibility in Companion Animal-Derived Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. in Japan: Frequent Isolation of Colistin-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae Complex.
The study reports the frequent isolation of colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex from companion animals in Japan, highlighting the presence of mcr-9 and mcr-10 genes in some isolates.
Identification of Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-10 in Disinfectant and Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli from Disinfected Tableware.
The study identifies the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-10 in Escherichia coli isolated from disinfected tableware, demonstrating its ability to transfer via conjugation and its presence on a novel non-self-transmissible plasmid.
Emergence and Transmission of Plasmid-Mediated Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-10 in Humans and Companion Animals.
The study identifies the mcr-10 gene in colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from humans and companion animals, highlighting its potential for transmission between these sources.
Global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes: A current and emerging update.
The paper reviews the global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors, and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes, highlighting their dissemination in Enterobacteriaceae species and the role of mobile genetic elements in their spread. It identifies multiple mcr genes, including mcr-1 to mcr-10, and discusses their mechanisms of colistin resistance.
One Health Analysis of mcr-Carrying Plasmids and Emergence of mcr-10.1 in Three Species of Klebsiella Recovered from Humans in China.
The study identified six mcr variants (mcr-1.1, mcr-8.1, mcr-8.2, mcr-9.1, mcr-9.2, and mcr-10.1) in 20 genomes of Klebsiella isolates, with mcr-10.1 being susceptible to colistin in three species of Klebsiella. The study also characterized the genetic contexts of these mcr variants and their association with various plasmid types.
Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Species Classification, Multilocus Sequence Typing, and Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanism Analysis of the Enterobacter cloacae Complex in Southern China.
The study identified 80 antibiotic resistance genes in 172 Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates, with a focus on beta-lactamases, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. Key genes included blaACT-2, blaACT-3, blaACT-6, blaACT-9, blaACT-12, blaTEM-1D, blaCTX-M-3, blaSHV-12, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaIMP-1, blaIMP-4, blaIMP-26, blaKPC-2, qnrS2, qnrE1, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-IIc, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA, sul2, dfrA12, tetA, ereA, floR, catA2, mcr-10, arr-6, and fosA3.
Wastewater-based surveillance in Italy leading to the first detection of mcr-10-positive Klebsiella quasipneumoniae.
The study reports the first detection of the mcr-10 gene in Italy, found in Klebsiella quasipneumoniae strains isolated from wastewater samples, highlighting the importance of wastewater-based surveillance for detecting emerging antimicrobial resistance.
High prevalence of colistin heteroresistance in specific species and lineages of Enterobacter cloacae complex derived from human clinical specimens.
The study identifies the high prevalence of colistin heteroresistance in specific species and lineages of Enterobacter cloacae complex. It characterizes the role of arnT mRNA upregulation in colistin resistance and reports the presence of mcr-9 and mcr-10 genes contributing to colistin resistance.
Molecular epidemiology and genomic characterization of a plasmid-mediated mcr-10 and bla(NDM-1) co-harboring multidrug-resistant Enterobacter asburiae.
The study reports a multidrug-resistant Enterobacter asburiae isolate co-harboring mcr-10 and bla(NDM-1) genes, which confer resistance to colistin and carbapenems, respectively. The mcr-10 gene did not mediate colistin resistance when cloned into E. coli, whereas bla(NDM-1) was successfully transferred and conferred carbapenem resistance.
The first report of the mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-10.1, in Kenya and a novel mutation in the phoQ gene (S244T) in a colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolate.
Recommendation of a standardized broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Avibacterium paragallinarum and resistance monitoring.
The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Avibacterium paragallinarum, including aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, bla TEM-1B, catA2, sul2, tet(B), tet(H), and mcr-like, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and polymyxins.
One Health surveillance of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales in Belgium and the Netherlands between 2017 and 2019.
The study identified plasmid-mediated mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-2.2, mcr-5.1, mcr-9.1, and mcr-10 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales, as well as chromosomal mutations in pmrB, pmrA, phoQ, and mgrB associated with colistin resistance.
Characterisation of colistin resistance in Gram-negative microbiota of pregnant women and neonates in Nigeria.
The study identifies mcr-1.1, mcr-9.1, and mcr-10 as the primary colistin resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria from pregnant women and neonates in Nigeria, highlighting the presence of diverse mcr gene variants in various bacterial species.
First report of multidrug-resistant carbapenemase-producing Aeromonas caviae co-harboring mcr-3.43 and mcr-7.2.
The study reports the first identification of mcr-3.43 and mcr-7.2, along with bla NDM-1 and bla KPC-2, in a single Aeromonas caviae strain from hospital sewage, highlighting the potential for multidrug resistance in this genus.
First report of multidrug-resistant carbapenemase-producing Aeromonas caviae co-harboring mcr-3.43 and mcr-7.2.
The study reports the first identification of mcr-3.43 and mcr-7.2, along with bla NDM-1 and bla KPC-2, in a single Aeromonas caviae strain from hospital sewage, highlighting the potential for multidrug resistance in this genus.
VIM-1-producing Enterobacter asburiae with mobile colistin resistance genes from wastewaters.
Three VIM-1-producing Enterobacter asburiae isolates were detected in hospital and municipal wastewaters, carrying blaVIM-1, mcr-10, and mcr-9 genes. These isolates exhibited multidrug resistance and highlighted the role of wastewaters in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Clinical and microbiological analyses of colistin-resistant strains among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex clinical isolates.
The study identified mcr-9 and mcr-10 genes in colistin-resistant carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex (CR-ECC) isolates, highlighting their role in colistin resistance. E. hormaechei was found to be more susceptible to colistin compared to other species within the complex.
ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro.
The study identifies that ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro, with resistance mutations already present in natural populations and mobile resistance genes prevalent in clinical isolates, soil, and human gut microbiomes.
ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro.
The study identifies that ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro, with resistance mutations already present in natural populations and mobile resistance genes prevalent in clinical isolates, soil, and human gut microbiomes.
ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro.
The study identifies that ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro, with resistance mutations already present in natural populations and mobile resistance genes prevalent in clinical isolates, soil, and human gut microbiomes.
ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro.
The study identifies that ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro, with resistance mutations already present in natural populations and mobile resistance genes prevalent in clinical isolates, soil, and human gut microbiomes.
First Report of mcr-10 in a Seafood-Borne ESBL-Producing Enterobacter xiangfangensis Strain.
The study identifies the mcr-10 gene in a seafood-borne ESBL-producing Enterobacter xiangfangensis strain, highlighting its potential for colistin resistance and dissemination through the seafood supply chain.
Pan-genome analysis of the Enterobacter hormaechei complex highlights its genomic flexibility and pertinence as a multidrug resistant pathogen.
The study identifies a wide range of antibiotic resistance genes in the Enterobacter hormaechei complex, highlighting its multidrug-resistant nature and the role of mobile genetic elements in the dissemination of resistance.
Integrated Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of an Mcr-10.1-Harboring Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Strain From Migratory Birds in China.
The study identifies the mcr-10.1 gene in a multidrug-resistant E. coli strain from migratory birds in China, highlighting its potential to confer low-level colistin resistance and the need for continued monitoring of its spread.
Genomic and Phenotypic Insights Into Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae From the Environment in Southern Taiwan.
The study identifies qnrS1 and mcr-10 as key AMR genes in environmental K. pneumoniae isolates, highlighting their role in ciprofloxacin and colistin resistance, respectively. It also shows that environmental K. pneumoniae can transfer AMR genes via plasmid conjugation.
Dissemination dynamics of colistin resistance genes mcr-9 and mcr-10 across diverse Inc plasmid backbones.
The study characterizes the dissemination of colistin resistance genes mcr-9 and mcr-10 across diverse Inc plasmid backbones in Enterobacter species, highlighting their co-occurrence with other resistance genes and their global distribution.
Whole-genome sequencing reveals Enterobacter hormaechei as a key bloodstream pathogen in six tertiary care hospitals in southwestern Nigeria.
The study identifies several AMR genes in Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter cloacae, including bla ACT-45, bla CTX-M-15, bla NDM-1, dfrA14, mcr10.1, aac(3)-Ile, aph(3′)-Ib, qnrB1, sul1, sul2, tet(A), catA1, and mphA, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance in these species.
Understanding Recent Developments in Colistin Resistance: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Future Perspectives.
The paper discusses the emergence and spread of plasmid-mediated MCR genes (MCR-1 to MCR-10) that confer colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, emphasizing their role in reducing the efficacy of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic.
The emergence and spread of bla (NDM-1), bla(KPC-2), mcr-10 genes, and the tmexCD2-toprJ2 gene cluster in extensively drug-resistant clinical Raoultella ornithinolytica.
The study identifies the coexistence of bla NDM-1, bla KPC-2, mcr-10, and tmexCD2-toprJ2 genes in an extensively drug-resistant Raoultella ornithinolytica strain, highlighting the complex resistance mechanisms and potential for horizontal gene transfer.
Aeromonas Infections in Humans-Antibiotic Resistance and Treatment Options.
The paper discusses the emergence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas strains, highlighting the presence of various beta-lactamases (blaCphA, blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM), polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-3, mcr-7), and fluoroquinolone resistance (qnrA).
Aeromonas Infections in Humans-Antibiotic Resistance and Treatment Options.
The paper discusses the emergence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas strains, highlighting the presence of various beta-lactamases (blaCphA, blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM), polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-3, mcr-7), and fluoroquinolone resistance (qnrA).
Precise species identification and whole-genome sequencing analysis of Enterobacter cloacae complex causing bloodstream infections in China.
The study identified various AMR genes in Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) isolates, including bla ACT, bla NDM, and mcr-10, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, carbapenems, and polymyxins, respectively. It also found that E. roggenkampii was the most common species among carbapenem-resistant isolates and showed high resistance to both carbapenems and colistin.
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