The study presents the 1.12 Å resolution crystal structure of the catalytic domain of MCR-2, a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance determinant. MCR-2 confers resistance to colistin by transferring phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, thereby reducing the net negative charge of the outer membrane and preventing colistin binding.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-2, and mcr-3 genes in flies and their associated bacteria, highlighting the role of flies as vectors for colistin resistance genes.

The study identifies mcr-1.10 and mcr-2.2 variant genes in Moraxella species isolated from pigs in Great Britain, along with eptA, which confer resistance to colistin. Additionally, bla BRO-1 and tetL genes were found to confer resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline respectively.

The study developed a multiplex SYBR Green real-time PCR assay for detecting mcr-1, mcr-2, and mcr-3 genes, which confer colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae.

The study identified high prevalence of mcr-1, mcr-2, and mcr-3 genes in pigs and poultry in China, highlighting the need for increased surveillance of colistin resistance.

The study identifies and characterizes the functions of EptA, MCR-1, and MCR-2, which are responsible for polymyxin resistance in bacteria. These genes encode phosphoethanolamine transferases that modify lipid A, reducing the susceptibility of bacteria to polymyxin.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The study identified several mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4.2, and mcr-5) that confer colistin resistance in various Enterobacteriaceae species, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, and Enterobacter cloacae.

The study developed novel antibodies against MCR-1 and MCR-2 proteins, which are responsible for colistin resistance in bacteria. These antibodies were used to create a sensitive and specific sandwich ELISA for detecting colistin-resistant bacteria in meat samples.

The paper reviews the development of new tools for detecting colistin resistance, focusing on the mcr-1 gene which confers resistance to colistin through phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A.

The study evaluates the UMIC Colistine kit for assessing colistin MIC in gram-negative rods, demonstrating its effectiveness in detecting colistin-resistant isolates, particularly those harboring mcr-1, mcr-2, and mcr-3 genes.

The study developed and validated 85 PCR assays to detect 79 AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance across 10 antimicrobial classes, focusing on E. coli. The assays showed high concordance with sequencing and phenotypic susceptibility testing, demonstrating their potential for AMR surveillance in E. coli isolates and direct stool specimens.

The study established a multi-LAMP assay for the rapid detection of mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes in colistin-resistant bacteria, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional PCR.

The study reports the adaptation of the MALDIxin test for the MALDI Biotyper Sirius system to detect colistin resistance in E. coli by analyzing lipid A modifications, identifying various mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-8) as contributors to colistin resistance.

The study identifies the emergence of mcr-2, a colistin resistance gene, and oqxB, a quinolone resistance gene, in Escherichia coli following preventive antibiotic treatment of calves with florfenicol.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in wild birds, water, and human samples in Egypt, highlighting the potential environmental spread of colistin resistance.

The paper reviews the mechanisms of colistin resistance in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting chromosomal mutations in genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, and mgrB that alter LPS modifications and contribute to resistance.

The study demonstrates the development of CRISPR-Cas13a-based antimicrobials that can specifically kill bacteria carrying AMR genes such as blaIMP-1, mcr-1, mcr-2, blaOXA-48, blaVIM-2, blaNDM-1, blaKPC-2, and mecA.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-5 as the main plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli from Japanese pigs, highlighting their prevalence and impact on colistin resistance.

The study identified the mcr-1 gene as the predominant colistin resistance gene in chicken gut bacteria in Bangladesh, with a significant association between mcr-1 and colistin resistance. mcr-2 was also detected but at lower frequencies.

The paper discusses the emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes, such as mcr-1 and mcr-2, in various bacterial species, highlighting their role in reducing susceptibility to colistin.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from both animal and human sources, highlighting the emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance at the human-animal interface.

The study demonstrates that the mcr-2 gene can be mobilized as a composite transposon Tn7052 via IS Ec69, leading to colistin resistance in Escherichia coli.

The study identifies bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, and bla KPC as the most prevalent carbapenemase genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from Pakistan, along with mcr-1 and mcr-2 contributing to colistin resistance. Additionally, the rmpA gene was found to be associated with the hypermucoviscous phenotype.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in colistin-resistant bacterial strains, along with various β-lactamase genes such as bla CTM-1, bla CTM-15, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, and bla NDM-5. These genes contribute to multidrug resistance in clinical isolates.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in colistin-resistant E. coli isolates from swine farms, highlighting the role of colistin use in driving resistance.

The paper reviews intrinsic and acquired colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria, highlighting the role of genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, mgrB, arnBCADTEF, and mcr genes in conferring resistance. It discusses the importance of these genes in the context of colistin resistance and their implications for clinical treatment.

The study highlights the widespread use of antibiotics in food animal production in Bangladesh and identifies various antibiotic resistance genes, including mcr-1 to mcr-5, which confer resistance to colistin. These findings emphasize the need for improved antibiotic management practices to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identifies multiple mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-1.5, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-3.2, mcr-5) and a chromosomal mutation in pmrB that confer colistin resistance in E. coli. These resistance mechanisms modify lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to protect the cytoplasmic membrane from colistin damage.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli strains from commercial broilers, including bla CTX-M-1 and bla CTX-M-2 for cephalosporin resistance, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS for fluoroquinolone resistance, aac(6')-Ib-cr for fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside resistance, tetA and tetB for tetracycline resistance, sul1 and sul2 for sulfonamide resistance, aadA for aminoglycoside resistance, dfrA and dfrB for trimethoprim resistance, and mcr1 and mcr2 for polymyxin resistance.

The study examined the impact of antibiotic therapies on the dynamics and composition of resistance genes in the animal gut microbiota, identifying several AMR genes such as blaTEM, tetA, strA, strB, intI1, tetM, mel, floR, mcr-2, oqx B, tetC, tetG, tetO, tetW, tetX, ermB, ermF, sul1, sul2, and others, which were experimentally validated in Escherichia coli.

The study identified plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-7 in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine milk, highlighting the spread of these genes among various bacterial species.

The study identifies the mcr-1.1 gene on a 33.3 kbp IncX4 plasmid as the cause of colistin resistance in six extraintestinal E. coli strains from Poland.

The study identified mcr-3, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55, bla TEM-1, and bla CMY-2 as key AMR genes in E. coli isolates from pigs in Thailand. Additionally, several mutations in PmrA and PmrB were associated with colistin resistance.

The study identified a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Greek pigs, with a focus on resistance mechanisms involving bla CTX-M1/15, bla TEM, and bla SHV genes, as well as resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, and colistin.

The study identifies various mcr genes, including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-9, and mcr-10, in companion animals such as dogs and cats, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and potential zoonotic transmission.

The paper reviews the global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors, and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes, highlighting their dissemination in Enterobacteriaceae species and the role of mobile genetic elements in their spread. It identifies multiple mcr genes, including mcr-1 to mcr-10, and discusses their mechanisms of colistin resistance.

The study identifies the presence of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5 genes in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteria isolated from weaned pigs, highlighting their role in colistin resistance.

The study identifies mcr-2 and a novel variant mcr-2.8 in porcine E. coli isolates, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and their genomic locations on plasmids and chromosomes.

The study identifies mcr-2 and a novel variant mcr-2.8 in porcine E. coli isolates, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and their genomic locations on plasmids and chromosomes.

The study identifies mcr-2 and a novel variant mcr-2.8 in porcine E. coli isolates, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and their genomic locations on plasmids and chromosomes.

The study evaluated a MALDI-TOF MS-based assay for detecting colistin resistance in E. coli, identifying mcr-1, mcr-2, and mcr-3.2 as key genes, along with mutations in mgrB and pmrB contributing to resistance.

The study identified various ESBL genes such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-32, bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-52C, and bla TEM-52B, as well as PMQR genes like qnrS1 and qnrB19, in ESBL-producing and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli from Belgian broilers and pigs. Additionally, colistin resistance genes mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, and mcr-9 were detected. Mutations in gyrA (S83L, D87N) and parC (S80I) were strongly associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified high-risk clonal lineages ST58, ST69, ST224, and ST410 among ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from free-range chickens in Tunisia. Key AMR genes included bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrB, tetB, tetA, sul1, sul2, and mcr-2.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in porcine ETEC/STEC strains, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-106), polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-5.1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-IVa, aph(3')-Ia, aadA1, aadA10, aadA12), florfenicol resistance gene (floR), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), quinolone resistance gene (qnrS1), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA36).

The study identified five novel mcr allelic variants (mcr-2.3, mcr-3.21, mcr-3.22, mcr-3.23, and mcr-3.24) in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales from farmers, swine, and hospitalized patients in Thailand. These genes were primarily found in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates, with mcr-1.1 and mcr-3 variants being the most prevalent. Additionally, chromosomal mutations in mgrB and pmrB were observed in some Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from hospitalized patients, contributing to colistin resistance.

The study identified plasmid-mediated mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-2.2, mcr-5.1, mcr-9.1, and mcr-10 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales, as well as chromosomal mutations in pmrB, pmrA, phoQ, and mgrB associated with colistin resistance.

The study identified plasmid-mediated mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-2.2, mcr-5.1, mcr-9.1, and mcr-10 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales, as well as chromosomal mutations in pmrB, pmrA, phoQ, and mgrB associated with colistin resistance.

None of the 10 E. coli isolates carried genes associated with antibiotic resistance such as blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and tet. Phenotypical resistance to tetracycline and fosfomycin was not observed, while only 20% demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin. Six isolates were resistant to β-lactams, and two to quinolones.

The study detected the mcr-2 gene in 75% of P. aerogenes isolates, indicating colistin resistance. Additionally, the pax toxin gene cluster was present in 75% of isolates, demonstrating their cytotoxic potential.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes as the primary mechanisms of colistin resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry in Spain. These genes were detected in 4.6% of isolates with phenotypic resistance and 1.3% with genotypic resistance.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-2, and mcr-3 genes in Salmonella isolates, indicating colistin resistance. Campylobacter isolates did not show mcr genes but exhibited colistin resistance through other mechanisms.

The study identified mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes as potential contributors to colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, although none of the colistin-resistant isolates harbored these genes. The study highlights the importance of monitoring colistin resistance and identifying risk factors associated with its development.

The study identified mcr-2 and fosA2 genes as contributors to colistin and fosfomycin resistance in ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Northern Iran.

The study identifies several AMR genes in bacterial isolates from wild aquatic birds in Northern Italy, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM, blaCMY-1, blaCMY-2, blaNDM, blaKPC), colistin resistance genes (mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetL, tetM, tetK), macrolide resistance genes (ermB, vatD, vgA, msrC), vancomycin resistance genes (vanC1, vanC2, vanM, vanG), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3), aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, armA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtF), and nitrofurantoin resistance genes (nfsA, nfsB).

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from Testudines and their aquatic habitats, including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-4, bla TEM, bla SHV, qnrA, qnrD, eaeA, virF, stx1, and stx2. These genes confer resistance to colistin, cephalothin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in wild reptiles and their environments.

The paper discusses the emergence and spread of plasmid-mediated MCR genes (MCR-1 to MCR-10) that confer colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, emphasizing their role in reducing the efficacy of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic.

The study identified blaCTX-M-1 as the predominant ESBL gene in E. coli isolates from retail meat, alongside blaTEM and mcr-1, with mcr-2 detected in one isolate. Colistin resistance was primarily associated with mcr-1, and co-occurrence of resistance genes was observed in poultry and lamb meat.