The study reports the detection of the mcr-4 gene in two human isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which conferred resistance to colistin.

The study developed a multiplex PCR assay to detect plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5 in Enterobacteriaceae. The method was validated using 49 isolates and showed 100% concordance with WGS data. A new variant, mcr-4.3, was identified.

The study identifies mcr-4 and mcr-5 as newly discovered colistin resistance genes in pigs and poultry in China, highlighting their widespread prevalence in food-producing animals.

The study identified various mcr gene variants, including mcr-1.1, mcr-1.2, mcr-1.13, mcr-3.2, mcr-4.2, and mcr-4.3, which confer colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from food-producing animals in Italy.

The study identified various mcr gene variants, including mcr-1.1, mcr-1.2, mcr-1.13, mcr-3.2, mcr-4.2, and mcr-4.3, which confer colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from food-producing animals in Italy.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The study identified several mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4.2, and mcr-5) that confer colistin resistance in various Enterobacteriaceae species, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, and Enterobacter cloacae.

The paper reviews the development of new tools for detecting colistin resistance, focusing on the mcr-1 gene which confers resistance to colistin through phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A.

MCR-4 is a colistin resistance enzyme that modifies lipid A by adding a phosphoethanolamine group, reducing colistin susceptibility. MCR-4.1 and MCR-4.3 are variants of MCR-4 that confer colistin resistance when expressed in E. coli.

MCR-4 is a colistin resistance enzyme that modifies lipid A by adding a phosphoethanolamine group, reducing colistin susceptibility. MCR-4.1 and MCR-4.3 are variants of MCR-4 that confer colistin resistance when expressed in E. coli.

MCR-4 is a colistin resistance enzyme that modifies lipid A by adding a phosphoethanolamine group, reducing colistin susceptibility. MCR-4.1 and MCR-4.3 are variants of MCR-4 that confer colistin resistance when expressed in E. coli.

The study identifies a novel plasmid, pAB18PR065, carrying the mcr-4.3 gene in an Acinetobacter baumannii strain from pig feces in China, which confers resistance to colistin.

The study established a multi-LAMP assay for the rapid detection of mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes in colistin-resistant bacteria, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional PCR.

The study reports the first case of the mcr-4.3 gene in an Acinetobacter baumannii strain isolated from a clinical case in Europe, highlighting the potential role of global food trade in spreading mcr-carrying plasmids.

The study identifies a novel plasmid-encoded mcr-4.3 gene in a colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strain, which confers colistin resistance when expressed in E. coli.

The study reports the adaptation of the MALDIxin test for the MALDI Biotyper Sirius system to detect colistin resistance in E. coli by analyzing lipid A modifications, identifying various mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-8) as contributors to colistin resistance.

The study identifies various mcr variants (mcr-1.1, mcr-1.10, mcr-4.1, mcr-4.2, mcr-4.5, mcr-5.1) and other resistance genes (bla CTX-M–14, bla CTX-M–32, bla SHV–12) in colistin-resistant E. coli isolates from swine. It also reports mutations in gyrA, parC, PmrA, and PmrB contributing to fluoroquinolone and colistin resistance.

The study identifies various mcr variants (mcr-1.1, mcr-1.10, mcr-4.1, mcr-4.2, mcr-4.5, mcr-5.1) and other resistance genes (bla CTX-M–14, bla CTX-M–32, bla SHV–12) in colistin-resistant E. coli isolates from swine. It also reports mutations in gyrA, parC, PmrA, and PmrB contributing to fluoroquinolone and colistin resistance.

The study identifies various mcr variants (mcr-1.1, mcr-1.10, mcr-4.1, mcr-4.2, mcr-4.5, mcr-5.1) and other resistance genes (bla CTX-M–14, bla CTX-M–32, bla SHV–12) in colistin-resistant E. coli isolates from swine. It also reports mutations in gyrA, parC, PmrA, and PmrB contributing to fluoroquinolone and colistin resistance.

The study identifies the presence of mcr-4.3 and blaIMP-4 genes in a Leclercia adecarboxylata strain, highlighting the potential for gut flora to act as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identifies mcr-1 and mcr-4.2 colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from pigs and white storks in Spain, highlighting their mobility via IncX4, IncHI2, and IncI2 plasmids.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-4, mcr-5, and mcr-9 genes in colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates from Germany, highlighting the widespread occurrence of these genes in various serovars and sources.

The paper reviews the mechanisms of colistin resistance in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting chromosomal mutations in genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, and mgrB that alter LPS modifications and contribute to resistance.

The study identifies various antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla CTX-M, bla SHV, and mcr-4, in Enterobacterales isolates from hospital sink drains and patients, highlighting the role of sinks as reservoirs of resistance genes.

The study presents the use of the MALDIxin test to detect colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica, identifying mcr-1, mcr-4, and mcr-5 genes as well as mutations in mgrB that contribute to resistance.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-5 as the main plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli from Japanese pigs, highlighting their prevalence and impact on colistin resistance.

This review discusses the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of resistance to polymyxins, focusing on their interaction with bacterial membranes and the genetic basis of resistance.

This review discusses the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of resistance to polymyxins, focusing on their interaction with bacterial membranes and the genetic basis of resistance.

The study characterizes two clinical Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates co-producing VIM and MCR enzymes, identifying specific AMR genes and their resistance mechanisms.

The study identified mcr-4.3, a plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene, in a strain of Acinetobacter nosocomialis isolated from pork. This is the first report of mcr-4.3 in Acinetobacter strains from Korean retail meat samples.

The study identified blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, mcr-4.3, ecr, ampC, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-9, blaSHV, and blaTEM as genes contributing to carbapenem and colistin resistance in Enterobacter cloacae Complex strains.

The paper reviews intrinsic and acquired colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria, highlighting the role of genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, mgrB, arnBCADTEF, and mcr genes in conferring resistance. It discusses the importance of these genes in the context of colistin resistance and their implications for clinical treatment.

The study highlights the widespread use of antibiotics in food animal production in Bangladesh and identifies various antibiotic resistance genes, including mcr-1 to mcr-5, which confer resistance to colistin. These findings emphasize the need for improved antibiotic management practices to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-7 in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine milk, highlighting the spread of these genes among various bacterial species.

Disruption of DsbA-mediated disulfide bond formation incapacitates diverse β-lactamases and destabilizes mobile colistin resistance enzymes. Chemical inhibition of DsbA sensitizes multidrug-resistant clinical isolates to existing antibiotics.

The study identified the colistin resistance gene mcr-4 and carbapenems resistance gene OXA-48 in Escherichia coli isolates from wild and domestic ungulates in Italy, highlighting the presence of these resistance mechanisms in wildlife.

The study evaluates a selective isolation protocol for detecting mcr-positive E. coli and Salmonella spp. in food-producing animals and meat, highlighting the effectiveness of specific chromogenic agars and PCR techniques.

The study identified a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Greek pigs, with a focus on resistance mechanisms involving bla CTX-M1/15, bla TEM, and bla SHV genes, as well as resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, and colistin.

The study identifies various mcr genes, including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-9, and mcr-10, in companion animals such as dogs and cats, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and potential zoonotic transmission.

The study identified the mcr-1 and mcr-4 genes as mediators of colistin resistance in E. coli strains 184 and 289, respectively. The combination of colistin with alginate nanoparticles and small molecules significantly enhanced its antibacterial activity against these resistant strains.

The study identified the co-carriage of ESBL genes (bla CTX-M-1 and bla CTX-M-32) and mcr-1 and mcr-4.7 genes in E. coli strains from a Portuguese swine herd, highlighting the role of antibiotic usage in selecting for multidrug-resistant bacteria.

The paper reviews the global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors, and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes, highlighting their dissemination in Enterobacteriaceae species and the role of mobile genetic elements in their spread. It identifies multiple mcr genes, including mcr-1 to mcr-10, and discusses their mechanisms of colistin resistance.

The study identifies the presence of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5 genes in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteria isolated from weaned pigs, highlighting their role in colistin resistance.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-4.3 genes in Salmonella isolates from animals and food products in China, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and transmission mechanisms.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-4 genes conferring colistin resistance, along with blaTEM-1B, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, sul2, and tet(A) genes responsible for resistance to various antibiotics in E. coli isolates from pig farming.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-4, aadA5, catA1, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-55, dfrA17, fosA, mph(A), rmtB, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, bla TEM-1B, and bla CMY-48, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in different bacterial strains.

The study characterizes several AMR genes and mutations involved in colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, including pmrCAB, lpxA, lpxC, lpxD, mcr-1, mcr-4.3, and eptA, as well as mutations in pmrB, pmrA, lpxC, and lpxD.

The study identifies a novel variant of the mcr-4 colistin resistance gene (mcr-4.7) in a transposon on a plasmid in an environmental Acinetobacter baumannii isolate, as well as the sul2 sulfonamide resistance gene in a p dif module.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-4, and mcr-9 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from the Czech Republic, highlighting their association with plasmid-mediated resistance and multidrug resistance features.

The study identified various beta-lactamase genes (bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-2, bla SHV-12, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55) and polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-4) in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella species from food-producing animals in Europe.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in uropathogenic E. coli isolates from companion animals, including blaTEM-1B, sul2, tet(A), qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-c, qnrS2, qnrB19, qnrB4, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27, CMY-2, DHA-1, blaEC, blaEC-6, and mcr-4.6. Mutations in gyrA (S83L, D87N) and parC (S80I) were also found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

None of the 10 E. coli isolates carried genes associated with antibiotic resistance such as blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and tet. Phenotypical resistance to tetracycline and fosfomycin was not observed, while only 20% demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin. Six isolates were resistant to β-lactams, and two to quinolones.

The study identified several antimicrobial-resistant genes in Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium isolated from broiler chickens, including tet(K), tet(O), tet(A), mcr-1, mcr-4, strA, strB, aadA, aadE, sulI, ampC, TEM, CTX-M, and OXA. These genes conferred resistance to tetracycline, colistin, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and beta-lactam antibiotics.

The study identifies and characterizes two BioC isoenzymes, AbBioC from Acinetobacter baumannii and KpBioC from Klebsiella pneumoniae, which function as malonyl-ACP methyltransferases in the initial step of biotin synthesis. These enzymes are crucial for biotin synthesis and play a role in colistin resistance in A. baumannii.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes as the primary mechanisms of colistin resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry in Spain. These genes were detected in 4.6% of isolates with phenotypic resistance and 1.3% with genotypic resistance.

The study identified mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes as potential contributors to colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, although none of the colistin-resistant isolates harbored these genes. The study highlights the importance of monitoring colistin resistance and identifying risk factors associated with its development.

The study identifies mcr-9 and mcr-4.3 genes as the primary colistin resistance genes in ESBL-producing Enterobacterales isolates, with mcr-9 being the most prevalent. It also characterizes plasmids co-harbouring these genes, highlighting their IncHI2 replicon type and the presence of ESBL genes like bla CTX-M-9 and bla SHV-12.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from Testudines and their aquatic habitats, including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-4, bla TEM, bla SHV, qnrA, qnrD, eaeA, virF, stx1, and stx2. These genes confer resistance to colistin, cephalothin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in wild reptiles and their environments.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Acinetobacter isolates, including blaOXA-23, blaOXA-66, blaOXA-213, blaADC-6, mcr-4.3, amvA, and rsmA, highlighting the diversity of resistance mechanisms in different species.

The paper discusses the emergence and spread of plasmid-mediated MCR genes (MCR-1 to MCR-10) that confer colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, emphasizing their role in reducing the efficacy of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic.

The study identified several AMR genes in Bacillus cereus isolates from cosmetics, including mcr-4.1, mcr-4.2, bahA, mdtG, fosB, bcl, bcI, bcII, TMB-1, FIM-1, SIM-1, THIN-B, bla, BPU-1, fusC, acrR, vgaALC, mupB, and BPU_cat86, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as colistin, polymyxin, fosfomycin, beta-lactams, fusidic acid, and others.

The study identified several AMR genes in Bacillus cereus isolates from cosmetics, including mcr-4.1, mcr-4.2, bahA, mdtG, fosB, bcl, bcI, bcII, TMB-1, FIM-1, SIM-1, THIN-B, bla, BPU-1, fusC, acrR, vgaALC, mupB, and BPU_cat86, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as colistin, polymyxin, fosfomycin, beta-lactams, fusidic acid, and others.

Avian Acinetobacter baumannii strains were found to carry a significantly higher number of antimicrobial resistance genes compared to bovine and porcine strains, highlighting their potential role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance through animal origin foods.