The study identifies mcr-4 and mcr-5 as newly discovered colistin resistance genes in pigs and poultry in China, highlighting their widespread prevalence in food-producing animals.

The study identifies the mcr-5 gene, a mobile colistin resistance gene, in a porcine Aeromonas hydrophila isolate from China. The gene was located on a 7915 bp plasmid, pI064-2, and conferred colistin resistance with a MIC of 4 mg/L. The plasmid was transferable and stable, indicating potential for dissemination among bacterial species.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The paper proposes a standardized nomenclature for mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, focusing on the assignment of allele numbers to ensure clarity and consistency in identifying and characterizing these genes across different bacterial species and geographic locations.

The study identified several mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4.2, and mcr-5) that confer colistin resistance in various Enterobacteriaceae species, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, and Enterobacter cloacae.

The paper reviews the development of new tools for detecting colistin resistance, focusing on the mcr-1 gene which confers resistance to colistin through phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A.

The study characterizes mcr-5-harboring Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates from Germany, identifying five distinct plasmid types carrying mcr-5.1 and confirming the mobility of the gene through conjugation.

The study identifies a miniature inverted transposable element (MITE) facilitating the acquisition of the mcr-5 gene in Escherichia coli, which confers colistin resistance through modification of the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide.

The study characterizes MCR-5, a colistin resistance gene, and demonstrates its ability to confer resistance to colistin in E. coli through the modification of lipid A.

The study established a multi-LAMP assay for the rapid detection of mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes in colistin-resistant bacteria, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional PCR.

The study reports the first detection of the mcr-5.4 gene variant in a hospital water environment, highlighting the presence of mobile colistin resistance determinants in non-clinical settings.

The study reports the adaptation of the MALDIxin test for the MALDI Biotyper Sirius system to detect colistin resistance in E. coli by analyzing lipid A modifications, identifying various mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-8) as contributors to colistin resistance.

The study identifies various mcr variants (mcr-1.1, mcr-1.10, mcr-4.1, mcr-4.2, mcr-4.5, mcr-5.1) and other resistance genes (bla CTX-M–14, bla CTX-M–32, bla SHV–12) in colistin-resistant E. coli isolates from swine. It also reports mutations in gyrA, parC, PmrA, and PmrB contributing to fluoroquinolone and colistin resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes in Lake Bolonha, including bla CTX-M, bla SHV, bla TEM, bla VIM, bla IMP, intl1, and intl2, which confer resistance to beta-lactams and other antibiotics. These genes were found in various bacterial isolates, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the lake.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-4, mcr-5, and mcr-9 genes in colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates from Germany, highlighting the widespread occurrence of these genes in various serovars and sources.

The paper reviews the mechanisms of colistin resistance in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting chromosomal mutations in genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, and mgrB that alter LPS modifications and contribute to resistance.

The study presents the use of the MALDIxin test to detect colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica, identifying mcr-1, mcr-4, and mcr-5 genes as well as mutations in mgrB that contribute to resistance.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-5 as the main plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli from Japanese pigs, highlighting their prevalence and impact on colistin resistance.

The study reports on multidrug-resistant ST131-H22 poultry isolates in Brazil carrying mobile colistin-resistance (mcr) determinants, specifically mcr-5.1 and mcr-9 variants, indicating the presence of colistin-resistant E. coli in poultry flocks.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-8, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, mcr-5, and bla OXA-23, in E. coli ST457 strains from various sources, highlighting their role in resistance to β-lactams, colistin, and carbapenems.

The study identified the mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes in Escherichia coli isolates from poultry in Brazil, highlighting the presence of colistin resistance in avian pathogens.

The study identified novel mcr-3 variants (mcr-3.33, mcr-3.34, mcr-3.35, mcr-3.36, mcr-3.37) and mcr-5.1 in water samples from the Western Cape of South Africa, demonstrating their ability to confer colistin resistance through cloning and BMD testing.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-5 genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from pigs, pig carcasses, and pork in Thailand, Lao PDR, and Cambodia. These genes conferred resistance to colistin.

The study reports the first identification of the mcr-5.1 gene in a colistin-resistant Cupriavidus gilardii isolate from well water in Algeria, highlighting the potential environmental spread of mcr genes.

The paper reviews intrinsic and acquired colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria, highlighting the role of genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, mgrB, arnBCADTEF, and mcr genes in conferring resistance. It discusses the importance of these genes in the context of colistin resistance and their implications for clinical treatment.

The study highlights the widespread use of antibiotics in food animal production in Bangladesh and identifies various antibiotic resistance genes, including mcr-1 to mcr-5, which confer resistance to colistin. These findings emphasize the need for improved antibiotic management practices to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identifies multiple mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-1.5, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-3.2, mcr-5) and a chromosomal mutation in pmrB that confer colistin resistance in E. coli. These resistance mechanisms modify lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to protect the cytoplasmic membrane from colistin damage.

Disruption of DsbA-mediated disulfide bond formation incapacitates diverse β-lactamases and destabilizes mobile colistin resistance enzymes. Chemical inhibition of DsbA sensitizes multidrug-resistant clinical isolates to existing antibiotics.

The study evaluates a selective isolation protocol for detecting mcr-positive E. coli and Salmonella spp. in food-producing animals and meat, highlighting the effectiveness of specific chromogenic agars and PCR techniques.

The study identifies various mcr genes, including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-9, and mcr-10, in companion animals such as dogs and cats, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and potential zoonotic transmission.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock and soil microbiomes, including tetracycline resistance genes (tet(W)_1, tet(Q)_1, tet(O)_1, tet(44)_1), macrolide resistance gene (ole(B)_1), colistin resistance genes (mcr-1.11, mcr-5.1, mcr-7.1), and vancomycin resistance genes (vanG, vanA-B, vanH-B, vanXY-G).

The paper reviews the global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors, and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes, highlighting their dissemination in Enterobacteriaceae species and the role of mobile genetic elements in their spread. It identifies multiple mcr genes, including mcr-1 to mcr-10, and discusses their mechanisms of colistin resistance.

The study identifies the presence of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5 genes in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteria isolated from weaned pigs, highlighting their role in colistin resistance.

The study identified several clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in hospital wastewater samples from northern India, including bla NDM-1, mcr-5.1, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-I, erm, and sul1. These genes were found to confer resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, colistin, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in hospital wastewater samples from northern India, including bla NDM-1, mcr-5.1, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-I, erm, and sul1. These genes were found to confer resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, colistin, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in porcine ETEC/STEC strains, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-106), polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-5.1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-IVa, aph(3')-Ia, aadA1, aadA10, aadA12), florfenicol resistance gene (floR), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), quinolone resistance gene (qnrS1), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA36).

The study identified the co-existence of the mcr gene with multiple antibiotic resistance genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from poultry and poultry meats in Malaysia, highlighting the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

The study identified various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica serovars, including qnrB81, aph_6, sul2, tetA, blaCMY_2, qnrB19, aac_3_IV, blaLEN_15, aph4_la, aadA1, blaTEM_95, qnrB82, and mcr-5.1, which confer resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and colistin.

The study identified a diverse array of antimicrobial resistance genes in drinking water stored in cisterns from two First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. Key findings include the presence of genes such as aac(3')-Ia, aac(6')-Iia, aac(6')-Iic, aph(3')-Ia, acrD, smeB, smeR, FEZ-1, rm3, SPG-1, OXA-21, OXA-119, OXA-205, dfrA14, dfrB6, acrB, acrF, adeF, ceoB, emrA, mexE, mexF, mexI, oprN, oqxB, BRP(MBL), vanSO, axyY, CRP, efrB, macB, mexB, mexC, mexD, mexK, mexQ, mexW, mexY, mtrA, muxB, muxC, oleB, oleC, ompB, oprM, smeD, smeE, golS, mdsB, PER-2, TEM-126, msbA, arnA, bacA, bcrA, MCR-5, rosA, rosB, rpoB2, ugd, mexN, taeA, efpA, rphA, rphB, otr(A), otrC, tetA(48 ), ompH, and triC, which confer resistance to various antibiotics including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, monobactams, nitroimidazoles, peptides, phenicols, pleuromutilins, rifamycins, tetracyclines, and triclosan.

The study identified plasmid-mediated mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-2.2, mcr-5.1, mcr-9.1, and mcr-10 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales, as well as chromosomal mutations in pmrB, pmrA, phoQ, and mgrB associated with colistin resistance.

The study identifies that ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro, with resistance mutations already present in natural populations and mobile resistance genes prevalent in clinical isolates, soil, and human gut microbiomes.

The study identified mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes as potential contributors to colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, although none of the colistin-resistant isolates harbored these genes. The study highlights the importance of monitoring colistin resistance and identifying risk factors associated with its development.

The paper discusses the emergence and spread of plasmid-mediated MCR genes (MCR-1 to MCR-10) that confer colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, emphasizing their role in reducing the efficacy of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic.