The study identifies mcr-9, a novel plasmid-borne gene that confers resistance to colistin when expressed in E. coli NEB5α, highlighting its potential public health threat due to its ability to reduce susceptibility to colistin.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-4, mcr-5, and mcr-9 genes in colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates from Germany, highlighting the widespread occurrence of these genes in various serovars and sources.

The paper reviews the mechanisms of colistin resistance in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting chromosomal mutations in genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, and mgrB that alter LPS modifications and contribute to resistance.

The study identifies bla(IMP-1) and mcr-9 in carbapenem-resistant and colistin-susceptible Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates in Japan, highlighting the coexistence of these resistance mechanisms.

The study reports the first complete genomic sequence of an mcr-9 and bla VIM-4 -carrying multidrug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei clinical isolate from Egypt, highlighting the coexistence of these resistance genes on an IncHI2 plasmid and their potential for dissemination.

The study identifies the emergence of the mcr-9.1 colistin resistance gene in Enterobacteriaceae in South Africa, highlighting its global dissemination through various plasmids and its coexistence with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Klebsiella isolates from preterm infants, highlighting the presence of multidrug resistance mechanisms.

The study presents a rapid LAMP assay for detecting the mcr-9 gene, which confers colistin resistance in various bacterial species.

The study reports the co-occurrence of mcr-9 and blaNDM-1 in Enterobacter cloacae isolates from a bloodstream infection patient, highlighting the potential for spread of resistance to last-resort antibiotics.

The study reports the draft genome of a Klebsiella oxytoca strain carrying the mcr-9 gene, which confers colistin resistance.

The study found that the mcr-9 gene, despite being present in Salmonella and E. coli isolates, does not confer colistin resistance in the United States.

The study identifies various antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla CTX-M, bla SHV, and mcr-4, in Enterobacterales isolates from hospital sink drains and patients, highlighting the role of sinks as reservoirs of resistance genes.

The study reports on multidrug-resistant ST131-H22 poultry isolates in Brazil carrying mobile colistin-resistance (mcr) determinants, specifically mcr-5.1 and mcr-9 variants, indicating the presence of colistin-resistant E. coli in poultry flocks.

The study identified the mcr-9 gene in a colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica Dessau ST14 strain isolated from retail chicken meat in Korea, demonstrating its transferability to Escherichia coli. Additionally, the strain carried other resistance genes including aac(6')-Iaa, blaTEM-1B, and qnrS1.

The study reports the first genomic characterization of a multidrug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei isolate coharboring bla(VIM-1) and mcr-9 genes from food of animal origin. The isolate was resistant to carbapenems and other antibiotics, but susceptible to colistin. The bla(VIM-1) and mcr-9 genes were located on the same IncHI2 plasmid, along with other resistance genes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in an Enterobacter hormaechei strain isolated from a veterinary hospital sink, including blaSHV-12, qnrB2, and mcr-9.1, which confer resistance to cephalosporins, quinolones, and colistin, respectively.

The study identified bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M, and bla SHV-12 genes as major contributors to extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance, along with qnrB77, qnrB2, qnrS1, qnrS2, and aac(6')-Ib-cr for fluoroquinolone resistance. The colistin resistance gene mcr-9 was also detected in several isolates.

The study reports the first detection of mcr-9-positive Enterobacterales isolates in the Czech Republic, highlighting the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes and their potential for dissemination.

The study identifies a new BKC variant, BKC-2, in MCR-9.1-producing Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis, which confers resistance to carbapenems. It also characterizes the novel cephalosporinase ACT-84 and the colistin resistance gene mcr-9.1.

The study identified the mcr-9.1 gene encoding colistin resistance and the bla CSA gene encoding cephalothin resistance in Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from powdered milk.

The study reports the emergence of the mcr-9.1 gene in a colistin-resistant Enterobacter kobei strain isolated from a critically endangered franciscana dolphin in Brazil, along with various other AMR genes.

The study characterizes two clinical Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates co-producing VIM and MCR enzymes, identifying specific AMR genes and their resistance mechanisms.

The study characterizes two clinical Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates co-producing VIM and MCR enzymes, identifying specific AMR genes and their resistance mechanisms.

The study identified NDM-1, TEM-1B, and SHV-12 carbapenemase genes along with various other AMR genes in Leclercia adecarboxylata isolates causing an outbreak linked to contaminated TPN.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from retail meat in Beijing, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-65), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Iaa, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul2), beta-lactamase (blaTEM-1B), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1), and colistin resistance genes (mcr-1.1, mcr-9).

The study identifies the circulation of pandemic sequence types ST131, ST648, and ST410 of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Rwanda, highlighting their multidrug resistance and potential for transmission among patients, caregivers, and the community.

The study identifies blaVIM-1 and mcr-9 genes in Klebsiella grimontii isolates, highlighting their role in carbapenem and colistin resistance, respectively.

The study identified various AMR genes, including blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaVIM-12, and mcr-9, in Enterobacterales isolates from European infants with bloodstream infections. These genes conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of AMR in this context.

The study identifies the emergence of IncHI2 plasmids carrying the mcr-9 gene in multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant ST34 from food-producing animals in Italy, highlighting the role of these plasmids in the spread of colistin resistance.

The paper reviews intrinsic and acquired colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria, highlighting the role of genes such as pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, mgrB, arnBCADTEF, and mcr genes in conferring resistance. It discusses the importance of these genes in the context of colistin resistance and their implications for clinical treatment.

The study identified mcr-9 in three strains of Enterobacteriaceae, including K. pneumoniae THUN262, E. kobei THUN627, and E. coli THUN648, which showed colistin susceptibility. The mcr-9 gene was found on the chromosome of K. pneumoniae THUN262 and E. kobei THUN627, and on a plasmid of E. coli THUN648. The study also noted that mcr-9 may have spread globally alongside other antimicrobial resistance genes.

The study identified several potential abortigenic pathogens in equine abortion cases, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. It also detected antibiotic resistance genes such as strB, blaOXA-278, blaOXA-549, catB11, mcr9.1, and blaOXA-12.

The study identified multidrug-resistant pathogens in imported 1-day-old chicks harboring mcr-9, rmtG, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes, highlighting the role of these chicks as vectors for the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identifies mcr-1.1 and mcr-9 genes in non-typhoid Salmonella enterica isolates from Russia, highlighting their role in colistin resistance. The mcr-1.1 gene was found on IncX4 and IncI2 plasmids, while mcr-9 was located on an IncHI2 plasmid.

The study identifies a conjugative IncHI2/HI2A plasmid co-harboring blaNDM-1 and mcr-9 in a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, highlighting the co-transfer of carbapenemase-encoding and colistin resistance genes.

The study characterizes the diversity of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli isolates in France, identifying key resistance genes such as bla OXA-48, bla OXA-181, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, bla VIM-1, bla VIM-4, bla KPC-2, bla KPC-3, and mcr-9. It highlights the role of mutations in ftsI, ompC, gyrA, and parC in reducing susceptibility to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-9 genes as conferring colistin resistance in various Gram-negative clinical strains. Lacticaseicin 30 was shown to potentiate the activity of colistin and downregulate the expression of these genes.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-9 genes in Gram-negative bacteria causing bloodstream infections in infants, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and the potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identifies bla CTX-M-15, bla DHA-1, and bla OXA-48 as the primary resistance genes in ESBL-, AmpC-, and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from companion animals and humans. Additionally, mutations in mgrB and the presence of mcr-9 were linked to colistin resistance.

The study identified four blaNDM subtypes (blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaNDM-4, and blaNDM-9) and characterized their distribution across various bacterial species. It also identified plasmid-borne colistin resistance genes mcr-1 and mcr-9. The research highlights the significant role of plasmids in the transmission of blaNDM genes and emphasizes the need for continued surveillance of NDM-producing pathogens.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella serovar Kentucky ST198 isolates from Spain, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and colistin.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Serratia spp. isolates from hospitalized animals, highlighting the presence of a promiscuous IncHI2 plasmid carrying resistance genes against several high-importance antimicrobials.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from powdered milk, including blaSHV variants, oqx genes, fosA, pmrB_R256G, and mcr-9. These genes conferred resistance to beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, fosfomycin, and colistin. Despite some isolates carrying mcr-9, they remained susceptible to colistin.

The study identified mcr-1 and mcr-9 genes as contributors to colistin resistance in Enterobacterales, with mcr-1 being more prevalent. Chromosomal mutations in genes like mgrB were also associated with resistance.

The study identifies various mcr genes, including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-9, and mcr-10, in companion animals such as dogs and cats, highlighting their role in colistin resistance and potential zoonotic transmission.

The study identifies the frequent convergence of mcr-9 and carbapenemase genes in Enterobacter cloacae complex, highlighting the role of epidemic plasmids in their dissemination.

The study identified mcr-9 as a mobile colistin resistance gene in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales isolates, primarily in Enterobacter cloacae complex, and found it associated with increased antimicrobial resistance gene content but not significant changes in colistin resistance.

The study reports the frequent isolation of colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex from companion animals in Japan, highlighting the presence of mcr-9 and mcr-10 genes in some isolates.

The study identified bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, and bla OXA-181 as prevalent carbapenemase genes in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Ethiopian hospitals. Additionally, mcr-9 was detected as a colistin resistance gene in Salmonella and K. pneumoniae. Chromosomal mutations in ompK36 and ompk37 were associated with carbapenem resistance.

The study identified the aac(6')-Iaa and mcr-9 genes in Salmonella Thompson isolates, which conferred resistance to streptomycin and colistin, respectively. The mcr-9 gene was reported for the first time in S. Thompson.

The study reports the first nosocomial outbreak of NDM-1-producing Enterobacter cloacae complex ST177 in China, highlighting the co-existence of bla NDM-1 and mcr-9 genes, which contribute to multidrug resistance.

The study identified several carbapenemase genes, including blaOXA-48, blaKPC-3, blaOXA-181, blaNDM-1, and blaVIM-2, which confer resistance to carbapenems in Enterobacterales isolates from ICU patients in Spain and Portugal. Additionally, other beta-lactamase genes such as ctxM-15, shv-like, and oxa-1 were found to contribute to resistance against cephalosporins and penicillins. The mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-9.1 was also detected in an Enterobacter hormaechei isolate.

The study identifies the co-occurrence of the carbapenemases KPC-2 and OXA-48 along with the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-9.1 in the extreme drug-resistant Enterobacter xiangfangensis isolate va18651.

The study identified an Enterobacter hormaechei strain carrying both blaNDM-1 and mcr-9, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria with resistance to carbapenems and colistin.

The paper reviews the global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors, and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes, highlighting their dissemination in Enterobacteriaceae species and the role of mobile genetic elements in their spread. It identifies multiple mcr genes, including mcr-1 to mcr-10, and discusses their mechanisms of colistin resistance.

The study reports a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella michiganensis strain 12084 harboring two bla SIM-1 genes and one mcr-9.2 gene, highlighting the presence of carbapenem and colistin resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies the beta-lactamase blaACT and mcr-9 gene as contributors to beta-lactam and colistin resistance in Enterobacter cloacae complex. Additionally, the ERG11 gene with Y132F and R398I mutations is associated with fluconazole resistance in Candida parapsilosis.

The study identifies a colistin-resistant Enterobacter asburiae strain harboring mcr-9 and bla(IMP-60) on its chromosome, highlighting the potential for chromosomal mcr-9 to contribute to colistin resistance.

The study identified six mcr variants (mcr-1.1, mcr-8.1, mcr-8.2, mcr-9.1, mcr-9.2, and mcr-10.1) in 20 genomes of Klebsiella isolates, with mcr-10.1 being susceptible to colistin in three species of Klebsiella. The study also characterized the genetic contexts of these mcr variants and their association with various plasmid types.

The study identified six mcr variants (mcr-1.1, mcr-8.1, mcr-8.2, mcr-9.1, mcr-9.2, and mcr-10.1) in 20 genomes of Klebsiella isolates, with mcr-10.1 being susceptible to colistin in three species of Klebsiella. The study also characterized the genetic contexts of these mcr variants and their association with various plasmid types.

The study identifies the bla CTX-M-15 gene as the most prevalent ESBL determinant in ESBL-producing Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates, along with the IncHI2/ST1 plasmid. It also reports the presence of other resistance genes such as mcr-9, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, qnrB1, fosA, sul2, tet(A), dfrA14, ars, mer, tni, and the ter operon.

The study identified bla CTX-M-1, dfrA12, and mcr-9 as the primary AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from sentinel mallard ducks, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains in wild bird populations.

The study identified mcr-9 in Citrobacter spp. from both healthy individuals and patients, highlighting its presence on the pKPC-CAV1321 plasmid and its ability to transfer to E. coli.

The study identifies mcr-9 as a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex strains, highlighting its co-transmission with metallo-β-lactamase genes and the potential for increased colistin resistance upon induction.

The study identifies several clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) including mcr-9, mcr-3, blaTEM-1, blaTEM-116, blaOXA-233, blaGES-2, blaGES-15, and blaKPC-2, highlighting their distribution across various biomes and their potential for transmission.

The study characterized antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg isolates from production animals in the United States, identifying genes such as aac(6')-Iaa, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-2, blaSHV-12, floR, catA2, qnrB2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA1, aadA2, sul1, sul2, tetA, and mcr-9.1, along with mutations in gyrA and parC genes contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identifies mcr-9 as a mobilized colistin resistance gene in Enterobacteriaceae isolates, demonstrating that mcr-9 confers colistin resistance. The gene was found to be inducible and its expression was enhanced in the presence of colistin, leading to increased resistance. The study also highlights the importance of using appropriate media for accurate detection of mcr-9-positive isolates.

The study identifies bla KPC-2 and mcr-9 as key resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 strains, highlighting their role in the clonal spread of multidrug-resistant strains in a pediatric hospital setting.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from natural water sources in upper northeast Thailand, including mcr-1, mcr-8, mcr-9, bla oxa-48-like, aac(6')-bl-cr, qepA, and oqxAB, which confer resistance to polymyxin, carbapenem, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

The study identifies the arnBCADTEF gene cassette and the mcr-9 gene as critical for colistin resistance and heteroresistance in Enterobacter species. Mutations in phoQ and mgrB significantly affect colistin resistance levels.

The study identified a colistin-susceptible Escherichia coli strain carrying the mcr-9 gene on an IncHI2/HI2A plasmid, highlighting the potential for mcr-9 dissemination even in the absence of colistin use.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg, including bla CMY-2, bla TEM-1A, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-214, mcr -9, and others, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and other antimicrobial agents.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg, including bla CMY-2, bla TEM-1A, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-214, mcr -9, and others, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and other antimicrobial agents.

The study identifies a diverse array of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes across various plasmid replicon types in enteric pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes in plasmids such as IncHI2, IncN, IncA/C, IncP, IncHI1, and IncFIA. Key AMR genes include aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIg, aac(6')-Ib3, aadA1, aadA5, aph(3'')-Ib, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-27, bla NDM-1, mcr-9.1, and others, which confer resistance to antibiotics such as gentamicin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, colistin, and tetracycline.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from wastewater in Serbia, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant isolates with resistance to various antibiotics, including carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and colistin.

The study identified blaNDM-1 and blaIMP-4 as the main carbapenem resistance genes in Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates, along with blaSHV-12 and blaTEM-1B as major extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Additionally, mcr-9 was highly prevalent as a mobile colistin resistance gene.

The study reports an ST133 extensively drug-resistant and virulent Enterobacter hormaechei strain, C210017, carrying mcr-9.1, blaKPC-2, and siderophore-encoding genes. The strain was found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems and colistin, and showed high virulence in a Galleria mellonella infection model.

The study identified various beta-lactamase genes (TEM, CTX-M, SHV, and KPC) and colistin resistance gene mcr-9 in bacterial isolates from aquatic sites in Marseille, France. Carbapenemase genes such as NDM and OXA-48 were also detected in E. coli strains.

The study identifies bla CTX-M-9, mcr-9, and qnrA1 as key resistance genes in IncHI2-ST1 plasmids of monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST34 isolates, highlighting their role in multidrug resistance.

The study found that Hafnia spp. are intrinsically resistant to colistin, with 98% of isolates showing MICs ≥4 μg/mL. Two isolates of Hafnia paralvei harbored the mcr-9 gene, which conferred colistin resistance.

The study reports the first case of a clinical Enterobacter hormaechei isolate carrying three distinct multidrug-resistant plasmids: pE1532-KPC (bla KPC-2), pE1532-NDM (bla NDM-1), and pE1532-MCR (mcr-9). These plasmids confer resistance to a wide range of antibiotics, highlighting the need for monitoring the spread of such resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from China, highlighting the increasing prevalence of resistance to beta-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. Key genes include blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-14, aac(3)-IV, and mcr-1.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-9 variants in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from pigs and humans in Thailand, highlighting the prevalence and genetic diversity of plasmid-borne colistin resistance genes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from chicken meat, including aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, quinolone, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and phenicol resistance genes. These genes were detected using whole genome sequencing and correlated with phenotypic resistance profiles.

The study identified various ESBL genes such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-32, bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-52C, and bla TEM-52B, as well as PMQR genes like qnrS1 and qnrB19, in ESBL-producing and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli from Belgian broilers and pigs. Additionally, colistin resistance genes mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, and mcr-9 were detected. Mutations in gyrA (S83L, D87N) and parC (S80I) were strongly associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study reports the first detection of the mcr-9 gene in an Escherichia coli isolate from an animal in Italy, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance genes on a plasmid, though the isolate remained susceptible to colistin.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-4, and mcr-9 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from the Czech Republic, highlighting their association with plasmid-mediated resistance and multidrug resistance features.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-4, and mcr-9 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from the Czech Republic, highlighting their association with plasmid-mediated resistance and multidrug resistance features.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant Salmonella infantis clone harboring a pESI-like megaplasmid with the blaCTX-M-65 gene, which confers resistance to ceftriaxone and ampicillin. Several other AMR genes, including aac(3)-IVa, aadA1, aph(4)-Ia, sul1, tetA, floR, dfrA14, and fosA, were also characterized.

The study identifies the high prevalence of colistin heteroresistance in specific species and lineages of Enterobacter cloacae complex. It characterizes the role of arnT mRNA upregulation in colistin resistance and reports the presence of mcr-9 and mcr-10 genes contributing to colistin resistance.

The study identified multiple bla VIM and bla IMP genes, along with various other AMR genes, in VIM/IMP carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter spp. in Poland. These genes were associated with different integrons and plasmid types, contributing to the spread of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales in surface water in Lower Saxony, including carbapenemase genes bla KPC-2, bla VIM-1, and bla OXA-181, as well as the colistin resistance gene mcr-9. It also discovered the novel ESBL gene bla CTX-M-32 in surface water.

The study identified 10 variants of the intrinsic beta-lactamase gene blaOXY-2 in clinical Klebsiella oxytoca isolates, which confer resistance to penicillins. Additionally, two novel blaOXY-2 variants (blaOXY-2-35 and blaOXY-2-36) were discovered.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes, including bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla VIM-1, and bla VIM-2, along with aminoglycoside resistance genes such as armA, rmtB1, and rmtC, and polymyxin resistance genes mcr9.1 and mcr9.2 in carbapenemase-producing Citrobacter spp. in France.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes, including bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla VIM-1, and bla VIM-2, along with aminoglycoside resistance genes such as armA, rmtB1, and rmtC, and polymyxin resistance genes mcr9.1 and mcr9.2 in carbapenemase-producing Citrobacter spp. in France.

The study reports the emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae and Raoultella ornithinolytica carrying the mcr-9 gene in vegetables from Japan, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer and the need for increased surveillance of mcr-9 in food sources.

The study identifies the MCR-9, FosA2, and ACT-69 genes in Enterobacter hormaechei MS2, highlighting its multidrug resistance and zoonotic potential.

The study identifies the presence of the mcr-9 gene, which confers colistin resistance, in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from dairy products in the 1980s, highlighting the early circulation of this gene on plasmids.

The study identifies 23 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Agona isolate from a dietary supplement in Germany, conferring resistance to 12 different antibiotic classes. Key genes include blaSHV-12, aac(3)-Iig, aac(6')-Iic, aadA2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, dfrA19, qacEΔ1, ere(A), sul1, sul2, tet(D), mcr-9.1, catA2, arr, qnrS1, blaTEM-1, aac(3)-IIe, and floR.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus strains, including blaCSA-1 and blaCMA-1, which confer resistance to cephalothin, and mcr-9.1, which confers resistance to colistin. These strains also exhibited multidrug resistance.

The study identified 79 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in Salmonella isolates from retail chicken and humans with diarrhea in Qingdao, China, including aac(6')-Iaa, bla TEM-1B, tet(A), aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib, sul2, floR, qnrS1, bla NDM-1, mcr-1.1, and mcr-9.1. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, and colistin.

The study identifies blaIMP-4 and blaIMP-26 as carbapenemase genes responsible for carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales. Additionally, various other AMR genes such as aac(6')-lb3, armAC, aph(3'')-lb, aph(6)-ld, aadA5, aac(6')-llc, aac(3)-IId, dfrA19, dfrA1, sul1, tet(D), tet(A), qnrS1, qnrB4, msr(E), mph(E), ere(A), mph(A), mcr-9, and ARR-3 were characterized for their roles in resistance to different antibiotics.

The study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance profiles and acquired resistance genes in 119 equine Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, identifying multiple beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, tetracycline efflux pumps, quinolone resistance proteins, sulfonamide resistance genes, and other resistance determinants.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from a rural environmental water body in India, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with genes such as bla VEB-6, bla SHV-12, bla NDM-1, bla CTX-M, and mcr-9, along with mutations in ompK 36 and gyrA.

The study identified plasmid-mediated mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-2.2, mcr-5.1, mcr-9.1, and mcr-10 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales, as well as chromosomal mutations in pmrB, pmrA, phoQ, and mgrB associated with colistin resistance.

The study identified plasmid-mediated mcr-1.1, mcr-2.1, mcr-2.2, mcr-5.1, mcr-9.1, and mcr-10 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales, as well as chromosomal mutations in pmrB, pmrA, phoQ, and mgrB associated with colistin resistance.

The study identifies mcr-1.1, mcr-9.1, and mcr-10 as the primary colistin resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria from pregnant women and neonates in Nigeria, highlighting the presence of diverse mcr gene variants in various bacterial species.

The study identified 31 AMR genes in 97 Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry, including aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IVa, aac(3)-VIa, aac(6′)-Ib4, ant(2′′)-Ia, grdA, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIa, aadA1, aadA2, aadA7, aadA13, aph(3′)-Ib, aph(6)-Ic, aph(6)-Id, aph(4)-Ia, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaHER-3, blaTEM-1, floR, tetA, tetB, tetC, dfrA12, sul1, sul2, fosA7, qnrB19, ble, and mcr-9.

The study identifies blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48 as carbapenem resistance genes in Citrobacter europaeus isolates from China, highlighting the presence of these resistance mechanisms in clinical settings.

The study identifies mcr-8 and mcr-9 genes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolates from Thailand, highlighting their role in colistin resistance. It also characterizes additional AMR genes such as bla NDM-1, bla IMP-14, and various other resistance determinants.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in bacterial isolates from Cambodia, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55), carbapenemase genes (blaOXA-23, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-66), and colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7, mcr-9). Additionally, mutations in gyrA (S83F) and parC (S84L) were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A and Typhi.

The study identified mcr-9 as a plasmid-encoded polymyxin resistance gene in Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii and a deleterious mutation (S175I) in the pmrB gene associated with colistin resistance in E. cloacae subsp. cloacae.

Three VIM-1-producing Enterobacter asburiae isolates were detected in hospital and municipal wastewaters, carrying blaVIM-1, mcr-10, and mcr-9 genes. These isolates exhibited multidrug resistance and highlighted the role of wastewaters in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including qnrS, oqxA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, mcr-1, and mcr-9, in Salmonella isolates from asymptomatic workers in Yulin, China, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study characterizes the functional diversity of lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferases (PETs) including mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-9, eptA, petB, and petC, demonstrating their roles in colistin resistance and bacterial fitness in Escherichia coli.

The study identified mcr-9 and mcr-10 genes in colistin-resistant carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex (CR-ECC) isolates, highlighting their role in colistin resistance. E. hormaechei was found to be more susceptible to colistin compared to other species within the complex.

The study identifies that ESKAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro, with resistance mutations already present in natural populations and mobile resistance genes prevalent in clinical isolates, soil, and human gut microbiomes.

The study identified the mcr-9 gene as a significant contributor to colistin resistance in Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates, alongside carbapenemase genes. Mutations in regulatory systems like phoP and phoQ were also linked to resistance mechanisms.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from Southern Thailand, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Notably, the mcr-9 gene was found to confer colistin resistance.

The study identifies mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-9 as key genes responsible for colistin resistance in pMCRs, highlighting their prevalence and co-carriage with other resistance genes. T4SS P3 plays a critical role in the conjugative transfer of these plasmids.

The study identified several AMR genes, including mcr-9 (colistin resistance), blaOXA-like and blaPAO-like (beta-lactam resistance), catB (chloramphenicol resistance), sul (sulfonamide resistance), tet(A) (tetracycline resistance), mdf(A)_1 (macrolide resistance), and formA (formaldehyde resistance) in various ESKAPE-E pathogens isolated from smallholder farms in South Africa.

The study identifies the widespread presence of bla NDM-5 and mcr genes in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria isolated from commercial chicken farms in China, highlighting the role of plasmids in the dissemination of these resistance determinants.

The study identified several AMR genes, including bla SHV, bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and mcr-9.1, in ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Aberdeen, Scotland, and England. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics, including ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, and colistin.

The study identified mcr-3.17 in Aeromonas salmonicida and mcr-9 in Serratia nevei from imported seafood in the USA, demonstrating the potential for transmissible colistin resistance genes to be introduced through food imports.

The study identifies mcr-9 and mcr-4.3 genes as the primary colistin resistance genes in ESBL-producing Enterobacterales isolates, with mcr-9 being the most prevalent. It also characterizes plasmids co-harbouring these genes, highlighting their IncHI2 replicon type and the presence of ESBL genes like bla CTX-M-9 and bla SHV-12.

Probiotic supplementation reduced the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in the gut of very-low-birth-weight preterm infants. The study also identified the colistin resistance gene mcr-9.1 and the aminoglycoside resistance gene aac6-aph2, demonstrating the potential for horizontal gene transfer of ARGs within the infant gut.

The study characterizes the dissemination of colistin resistance genes mcr-9 and mcr-10 across diverse Inc plasmid backbones in Enterobacter species, highlighting their co-occurrence with other resistance genes and their global distribution.

The study characterizes the dissemination of colistin resistance genes mcr-9 and mcr-10 across diverse Inc plasmid backbones in Enterobacter species, highlighting their co-occurrence with other resistance genes and their global distribution.

The paper discusses the emergence and spread of plasmid-mediated MCR genes (MCR-1 to MCR-10) that confer colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, emphasizing their role in reducing the efficacy of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic.

The study identifies the clonal dissemination of carbapenem-resistant ST477 Klebsiella michiganensis co-producing NDM-1, SFO-1, and VEB-3 in a Chinese hospital, highlighting the role of a self-transmissible plasmid in the spread of these resistance genes.

The study identifies the silent mcr-9 gene in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates from Ethiopia, highlighting its presence on IncHI2 plasmids despite susceptibility to colistin.

The study identifies blaNDM-1 and blaNDM-5 as the primary carbapenemases in CRECC isolates, along with additional resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr, aac(3)-II, qnrB1, qnrA1, sul1, and mcr-9.