The paper describes the discovery and functional characterization of mecC, a novel mecA homologue that confers methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Unlike conventional mecA, mecC encodes a PBP2a with distinct biochemical properties and is not detected by standard mecA PCR or PBP2a slide agglutination assays.

The study demonstrates that the mecC gene, a homolog of mecA, confers resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, specifically oxacillin and cefoxitin, in Staphylococcus aureus, regardless of the genetic strain background.

The paper discusses various rapid antimicrobial resistance testing methods, including molecular techniques like qPCR, DNA microarrays, Luminex xMAP, and next-generation sequencing (NGS), highlighting their roles in detecting resistance genes such as blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, blaIMP, mecA, mecC, vanA, vanB, aacA-aphD, tetK, tetM, ermA, ermC, vatA, vatB, and vatC in different bacterial species.

The study identifies mecC-positive MRSA ST130 in captive mara, highlighting the genetic conservation and broad host range of this MRSA lineage. The isolates carried mecC and norA, contributing to resistance against beta-lactams and efflux-mediated resistance against fluoroquinolones, biocides, and dyes.

The study reports the first six mecC MRSA isolates from human samples in Austria, confirming the presence of mecC as a methicillin resistance determinant through PCR and whole genome sequencing.

The study identifies the mecC gene in Staphylococcus stepanovicii strain IMT28705, which confers methicillin resistance. Additionally, the blaZ gene, encoding a beta-lactamase, was found in the same genomic region.

The study characterizes the diversity of SCCmec elements in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from South-Eastern Germany, identifying various SCCmec subtypes and their associated resistance genes, including mecA, mecC, fusC, and other SCC-associated markers.

The study reports the first isolation of mecC-carrying MRSA from domestic swine, highlighting the zoonotic potential of this variant and its genetic similarity to human isolates from the same geographic region.

The study identified mecC-mediated methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various wildlife species in Europe, highlighting the presence of this resistance gene in non-human hosts.

The study identified a point mutation in the transpeptidase domain of the mecC gene, which increases oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying the mecC determinant.

The study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates carrying the mecA gene, which confers methicillin resistance. Additionally, some isolates harbored the vanA gene, indicating vancomycin resistance. The study also detected the presence of the tst gene, which encodes the toxic shock syndrome toxin, and the PVL gene, which encodes the Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterococcus hirae R17, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, lincosamides, streptogramins, pleuromutilins, polymyxins, tetracyclines, and others. Notably, the strain exhibited resistance to bacitracin, ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline.

The study identifies Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov., a novel species isolated from Antarctica, which harbors the mecC gene, conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The mecC gene was found in a pseudo-Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (ψSCC mec) element, suggesting an evolutionary advantage against beta-lactam producers in polar environments.

The study identified six SCC mec types among 77 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from Australian animals, including a novel SCC mec element, ΨSCC mec KW21, which conferred high oxacillin MICs. The study also highlighted the importance of SCC mec typing in understanding the epidemiology of methicillin resistance in veterinary pathogens.

The study identified ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MRSA in companion animals, highlighting the presence of beta-lactam resistance genes such as bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV, and bla CMY-2, as well as methicillin resistance genes mecA and mecC in various staphylococcal species.

The study identifies mecC-positive MRSA isolates in dairy farms in France, demonstrating their persistence and diffusion among dairy cows, with no evidence of human transmission. The mecC gene was found to confer methicillin resistance through the production of a modified penicillin-binding protein.

The study identified a single MRSA isolate harboring the mecC gene, indicating its low prevalence in East London. mecA remained the dominant genetic determinant of methicillin resistance in human MRSA isolates.

The paper discusses the role of Staphylococcus aureus in various animal hosts, highlighting the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes such as blaZ, mecA, mecC, tetracycline resistance genes, and chloramphenicol resistance genes. It emphasizes the significance of mobile genetic elements in the adaptation and spread of these resistance determinants among different host species.

The study identified mecC-MRSA as a prevalent type in European hedgehogs in Denmark, highlighting their role as a natural reservoir for this specific type of MRSA.

The study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in wild and captive rats, particularly CC398-MRSA carrying the mecA gene. It also noted the presence of mecC-positive CC130 isolates in wild rats, indicating the spread of livestock-associated MRSA to rat populations.

The GenMark Dx ePlex Blood Culture Identification Gram-Positive Panel effectively identifies 20 Gram-positive bacteria and detects four antimicrobial resistance genes: mecA, mecC, vanA, and vanB.

The study identified 18 MRSA/mecC isolates in the Czech Republic from 2002 to 2017, highlighting the presence of the mecC gene which confers resistance to methicillin and oxacillin.

The study evaluated the performance of multiplex PCR (mPCR) for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes in clinical samples from patients with orthopaedic infections. It identified several resistance genes, including mecA, mecC, aac(6')/aph(2''), ermA, ermC, rpoB, vanA, vanB, ctx-M, blaNDM, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-58, blaIMP, blaKPC, gyrA83, gyrA87, and aacA4, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as oxacillin, aminoglycosides, macrolides/lincosamides, rifampin, vancomycin, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones.

The report highlights high levels of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter, with specific emphasis on resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. It also notes the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and the presence of ESBL-producing and carbapenemase-producing E. coli in poultry and meat.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in MRSA ST398 isolates from a Portuguese slaughterhouse, highlighting the dissemination of these resistant strains through the pork production chain and their potential to colonize humans.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus aureus CC130 isolates, including mecC, blaZ, tet(K), arsB, and arsC. These genes conferred resistance to methicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, arsenite, and arsenate. The presence of the IEC system in some mecC-positive MRSA-CC130 strains suggests potential human adaptation.

The report highlights the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria, including high resistance levels to ampicillin, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones in Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates. It also notes the emergence of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, along with the detection of linezolid-resistant strains harboring the cfr gene in fattening pigs.

The study reports the first detection of mecC-positive MRSA in Portugal, highlighting the presence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in wild rodents, particularly in the Azores and Lisbon. It also identifies mecA-positive MRSA isolates, indicating the potential for zoonotic transmission.

The study identified Trichophyton erinacei isolates from Swedish hedgehogs capable of producing benzylpenicillin and found that these hedgehogs also carried mecC-MRSA. The presence of the mecC gene in S. aureus was confirmed, along with the blaZ LGA251 gene, which contributes to beta-lactam resistance.

The study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and non-aureus Staphylococci (NAS) isolates showing resistance to penicillin and oxacillin.

The study identified a high proportion of oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates, highlighting the need for genetic testing to accurately detect methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

The study identified mecC-positive MRSA strains ST425-t742 and ST130-t843 in surface waters, along with various AMR genes such as mecC, blaZ, ermT, msr(A/B), vgaA, tetL, mecA, mph(C), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, dfrA, fusB, and catpC221 in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes (tetK, tetL, tetM) and erythromycin resistance genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA) in S. aureus isolates from Peninsular Malaysian animal handlers.

This review discusses recent advances in phenotypic and molecular diagnostic methods for detecting antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, focusing on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). It highlights the limitations and improvements of traditional methods like chromogenic media, broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and automated systems such as VITEK 2 and MALDI-TOF MS.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in feline and canine Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates, including blaZ, mecA, mecC, tet(K), tet(M), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(T), msr(A), aadE, aacA-aphD, aphA3, aadD, dfrG, lnu(B), and lsa(E). These genes conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics such as penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and others.

The report highlights the presence of various antimicrobial resistance genes such as blaVIM-1, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, and cfr in different bacterial isolates, indicating resistance to carbapenems, beta-lactams, and macrolides/lincosamides/streptogramin B.

The study identified mecA and mecC as the primary genes responsible for methicillin resistance in S. aureus isolates causing bovine mastitis in India, with mecA being the most prevalent. VanA was not detected in any of the isolates.

The BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel detected 97 targets, including 84 bacteria and nine antimicrobial resistance markers, enhancing the detection of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in lower respiratory tract specimens.

The study identified two S. aureus isolates carrying the mecC gene, indicating methicillin resistance. Additionally, several enterotoxin genes were detected, highlighting potential health risks.

The study identified the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, specifically highlighting the mecA and mecC genes, which confer resistance to methicillin. The research also examined the impact of different culture media on biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility.

The report highlights the presence of carbapenemase-producing E. coli isolates carrying bla OXA-48, bla OXA-181, and bla NDM-5 genes in pigs, bovines, and meat, indicating the need for continued monitoring and follow-up.

The study identified several AMR genes in S. aureus isolates from wildlife in Eastern Spain, including blaZ, mecA, mecC, and fosB, which confer resistance to penicillin, methicillin, and fosfomycin. These findings highlight the potential of wildlife as a reservoir for clinically relevant AMR strains.

The study found that mecA and mecC genes are prevalent in MRSA isolates in Punjab, Pakistan, with mecA being more common than mecC. Both genes contribute to methicillin resistance, and the combination of mecA and mecC was observed in a significant percentage of isolates.

The study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species in dromedary camels in Algeria, including the first detection of a SCCmec-mecC hybrid in Mammaliicoccus lentus. Key resistance genes identified include mecA, mecC, blaZ, aadD, dfrG, ermB, ermA, msrA, mphC, fosB, fusB, and tet(K).

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains, including blaZ, mecA, mecC, norA, norC, MgrA, tet(45), APH(3′)-IIIa, ermC, AAC(6′)-APH(2″), and fusC. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and fusidic acid.

The study identified the emergence of the global epidemic USA300 CA-MRSA clone in Slovakia, alongside the prevalent HA-MRSA clones CC5-MRSA-II and CC22-MRSA-IV. It also highlighted the presence of mecA and mecC genes, as well as PVL and arcA genes in MRSA isolates.

This scoping review identifies various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in bacteria isolated from peridomestic Rattus species, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla NDM-1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (strA, strB, aadA, aphA), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tet34), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA17, dfr14), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB1), and others.

The study identifies the clonal dissemination of mecA-MRSA t304/ST6 among humans and hedgehogs in the Helsinki metropolitan area, highlighting the potential for spillback of human-adapted MRSA strains to wildlife.

The study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri group isolates carrying mecA and mecC genes, highlighting their potential to spread antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates carrying mecA and mecC genes in food and food containers, highlighting the presence of these resistance mechanisms in various staphylococcal species.

The review discusses the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), focusing on the genetic mechanisms of resistance, including the role of mecA and mecC genes encoding penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a). It also highlights the importance of understanding MRSA epidemiology and transmission for developing effective control strategies.

The study identifies the mecC gene as a key mediator of methicillin resistance in non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci, highlighting its prevalence in various species and its association with multidrug resistance. The genetic environment of mecC is found to vary significantly, with some strains carrying hybrid SCC mec-mecC elements.

The study identified several AMR genes in staphylococci isolated from the skin of captive-bred reptiles, including blaZ, dfrK, dfrA(S1), tetK, msrA, mecA, and mecC. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, cefoxitin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, erythromycin, and cephalosporins. The study highlights the prevalence of multidrug resistance among these isolates.

The study identified various AMR genes in bacterial isolates from synanthropic rodents and shrews, including mecA, mecC, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, tet, sul3, sul4, and qnrA, indicating their role as reservoirs of AMR pathogens.

The study identified several AMR genes including mecA, mecC, tetM, ermA, ermC, vanA, and vanC in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) isolates. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin. Additionally, virulence factors like PVL, tsst-1, icaA, and icaB were prevalent in the isolates.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in CoNS isolates from various hosts, highlighting the spread of multidrug resistance and the role of mobile genetic elements in the dissemination of resistance traits.

The study identified mecA, mecC, femA, vanA, vanB, pvl, hlg, and spa genes in methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical and food samples in Southwestern Nigeria.

The study identified the mecC gene in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from French hedgehogs, highlighting its presence in various clonal complexes and emphasizing its One Health significance.

The study identifies the prevalence of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) in Africa, highlighting the presence of mecA, mecA1, and mecC genes in various species such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Mammaliicoccus sciuri.

The study identified mecA as a key gene for methicillin resistance in S. aureus and vanB as a gene responsible for vancomycin resistance in E. faecium. These findings highlight the importance of these genes in the resistance profiles of the ESKAPE pathogens analyzed.

The study identifies a wide distribution of mec genes across various Staphylococcaceae species, highlighting the diversity of SCC mec elements and their mechanisms of horizontal transfer.

The study detected β-lactam resistance gene blaZ and methicillin resistance gene mecC, along with efflux pump genes norA, norC, and msrA in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from commercial laying hens in Brazil.