R391 is a conjugative integrating mosaic element that carries antibiotic and mercury resistance traits. It includes a kanamycin resistance gene (aph) and a mercury resistance operon (merT, merP, merC, merA).

The study characterizes mercury-resistant clinical Aeromonas species, identifying the presence of merA and merR genes in some strains, indicating a high variability in mer operons among these bacteria.

The study identifies several heavy metal resistance genes in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34melT, including merA, copA, arsA, chrA, and zntA, which confer resistance to mercury, copper, arsenite, chromate, and heavy metals respectively.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in MRSA strains from Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Russia, including mecA, blaZ, ermA, ermC, cat, aacA-aphD, aadD, tet, spc, ble, qacA, cad, and mer, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as methicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, bleomycin, quaternary ammonium compounds, cadmium, and mercury.

The study characterizes various antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in Aeromonas strains, highlighting the presence of beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and others. These genes are often located on plasmids and contribute to multidrug resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes on IncA/C plasmids from various Salmonella serovars, including bla_cmy-2, bla_tem-1, strA, strB, aadB, aph(3')-Ia, tetA, floR, cmlA, sul1, sul2, dfra12, quacE, sugE, merA, merB, merC, merD, and merE, which contribute to multidrug resistance.

The study identified 17 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in 103 class 1 integron-positive Escherichia coli strains from porcine feces, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli in pigs and their potential role in the dissemination of resistance genes.

The study identifies four plasmids in Acinetobacter baumannii isolate D36, including pRAY* carrying aadB, pD36-4 carrying aphA1a, sul2, and a mercury resistance module, and others with no resistance genes.

The study identifies multidrug-resistant hybrid pathotype Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O80 strains belonging to clonal complex 165, which harbor a mosaic plasmid with genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics, including beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, kanamycin, streptomycin, and colistin.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, mercury, and biocide resistance genes in beef feedlots, catch basin water, soil, and urban sewage influent. Tetracycline resistance was predominant in beef production systems, while urban sewage influent showed a diverse resistome with resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study reports the first identification of three different multidrug-resistant (MDR) plasmids in a single clinical isolate of Leclercia adecarboxylata, including the blaIMP-8 gene encoded on an IMP-encoding plasmid. These plasmids harbor various AMR genes such as blaIMP-8, aacC2, aadA2, mph(A), sul1, qacED1, mer, chrA, dfrA12, tmrB, catA1, catB8, tet(C), blaCTX-M-9, and blaTEM-1.

The study identified the integration of a 52 kb integrative and conjugative element (ICE6775) encoding mercury resistance into the Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 chromosome, which conferred specific mercury resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in an Enterobacter hormaechei strain isolated from a veterinary hospital sink, including blaSHV-12, qnrB2, and mcr-9.1, which confer resistance to cephalosporins, quinolones, and colistin, respectively.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in APEC isolates, including blaTEM, aac(3)-VIa, aac(3)-VIb, aadA, tetA, tetB, dfr7, qacEΔ, qnr, sul1, intl1, arsC, and merA. These genes conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, and heavy metals.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from Kenya, including blaTEM-1, aadA1, strA, strB, catA1, dhfr1, sul1, and sul2, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides.

The study identified the presence of blaTEM, blaSHV, silE, cusA, and merA genes in environmental bacteria isolated from polluted sites in Tunisia, indicating resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals.

The study characterizes a pESI-like plasmid harboring multiple resistance genes, including bla CTX-M-65, in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Infantis isolates from England and Wales. The plasmid was associated with resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, fosfomycin, and heavy metals.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain (B2C) carrying the bla CTX-M-2 ESBL gene, qacE∆1 efflux pump, and the mer operon, indicating resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, and disinfectants.

The study identifies multiple heavy metal resistance (HMR) genes in bacterial isolates from shallow-water hydrothermal vents, demonstrating co-selection for antibiotic resistance (AR) in these environments.

The study identified highly mercury-resistant bacterial strains from the Colombian Amazon, with most strains possessing the merA gene, which confers mercury resistance through mercury reduction activity. The strains Pseudomonas sp. TP30 and Burkholderia contaminans TR100 exhibited high mercury resistance and potential for bioremediation.

The study identifies the bla CTX-M-15 gene as the most prevalent ESBL determinant in ESBL-producing Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates, along with the IncHI2/ST1 plasmid. It also reports the presence of other resistance genes such as mcr-9, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, qnrB1, fosA, sul2, tet(A), dfrA14, ars, mer, tni, and the ter operon.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes, including beta-lactamases such as bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-2, bla KPC-2, bla OXA-726, imiH, bla OXA-18, and bla TOHO-1, as well as the mcr-3 gene for colistin resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila strain 34SFC-3. Additionally, the presence of the intI1 gene and merA gene for mercury resistance was noted.

The study identified various plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance genes in Malaysian MRSA isolates, including ermC, cat, tetK, tetL, aadD, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, lnuA, cadAC, cadDX, copB, mco, arsB, arsC, and qacA, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Desulfovibrio vulgaris L2, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and mercury resistance genes, highlighting its potential role in spreading antibiotic resistance in agricultural environments.

The study characterizes the conjugative plasmid pPPUT-Tik1-1 from a permafrost Pseudomonas putida strain and identifies antibiotic resistance genes such as strA, merA, and blaVIM-2, along with mercury resistance determinants.

The study identifies a 522.5 kb mobilizable megaplasmid, pBJ86, carrying multiple resistance genes including tmexCD-oprJ, blaDIM-1, qnrVC6, and mer operon, which can be transferred via conjugation and contribute to multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The study identified numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in the metagenomes of Lake Afdera and the Assale salt plain in the Danakil Depression. Key ARGs included beta-lactamases (ACC-1, OXA-58, OXA-363, OXA-212, NDM-17, OXA-134, ACT-29, LRA-19), efflux pumps (emrB, abeM, abeS, mgrA, adeJ, MexC, adeL, adeH), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), tetracycline resistance genes (tet39, tetX, tetK), and others. MRGs included copper resistance genes (copC, copD), cadmium resistance gene (cadD), mercury resistance gene (merA), chromate resistance genes (chrB, chrA), nickel-cobalt-cadmium resistance genes (nccA, nccB), cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance gene (czcD), arsenic resistance gene (arsO), lead resistance gene (pbrA), and mercury resistance genes (merB, merR, MIR).

The study identifies several resistance genes, including mphA, msrE, tet(39), sul1, sul2, mer, qac, and aadA, which were found to be associated with hospital sewage and showed variations in their persistence in activated sludge. These genes contribute to resistance against macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, mercury, quaternary ammonium compounds, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in uropathogenic E. coli isolates, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and quinolone resistance genes. Mutations in gyrA, parC, parE, and marR were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance, while mutations in PmrB, CyaA, GlpT, PtsI, and UhpT were linked to fosfomycin resistance.

The study identifies several metal resistance genes in Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34, including merA, merT, arsC2, arsC1, arsB, arsR, czcC2, tauD, atoD, czcC, copF, copD, copC, copB, copA, copR, copS, cupR, cupA, cupC, silC, silB, silA, gshA, and gshB, which are up-regulated under metal stress conditions and are associated with antisense transcription activities.

The study characterizes various resistance genes carried by incompatible plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting their role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. Key genes include beta-lactamases like bla VIM-1, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-1B, and bla CTX-M-15, as well as sulfonamide resistance genes sul1 and sul2, tetracycline resistance gene tetA, and polymyxin resistance gene mcr-1.

The study characterizes various resistance genes carried by incompatible plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria, highlighting their role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. Key genes include beta-lactamases like bla VIM-1, bla SHV-12, bla TEM-1B, and bla CTX-M-15, as well as sulfonamide resistance genes sul1 and sul2, tetracycline resistance gene tetA, and polymyxin resistance gene mcr-1.

The study identified a variety of antimicrobial and metal resistance genes in bacteria isolated from mine water in Austria, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug efflux pumps and beta-lactamase genes. It also noted the presence of specific metal resistance genes such as ruvB, copA, recGM, and mgtA, as well as co-resistance genes like arsBM, acrD, and the mer operon.

The study identified multiple antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates from the Guarani Aquifer System, highlighting the correlation between herbicide tolerance and antibiotic resistance.

The study identified the sil and pco operons as key contributors to silver resistance in bacteria isolated from wastewater treatment plants and effluent-receiving rivers. These operons, along with other heavy metal resistance genes, were found to be prevalent in the isolates, highlighting the environmental dissemination of silver resistance genes.