A mutation in the norA promoter region of Staphylococcus aureus increases norA expression, leading to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study introduces the Ethidium Bromide-agar cartwheel method to assess efflux pump activity in MDR bacteria, highlighting the role of overexpressed efflux pumps like AcrAB and NorA in conferring resistance to antibiotics such as tetracycline, norfloxacin, and imipenem.

The study identified the mecA and norA genes in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300, which contribute to methicillin and multidrug resistance, respectively. Rhizoma coptidis exhibited anti-MRSA activity, with berberine alkaloids being the effective components.

The study identifies mecC-positive MRSA ST130 in captive mara, highlighting the genetic conservation and broad host range of this MRSA lineage. The isolates carried mecC and norA, contributing to resistance against beta-lactams and efflux-mediated resistance against fluoroquinolones, biocides, and dyes.

Cholecalciferol and alpha-tocopherol were found to inhibit efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus strains, reducing the MIC of antibiotics. Specifically, cholecalciferol showed significant modulation of tetracycline activity against the IS-58 strain.

The study identifies multiple intrinsic resistance determinants in Staphylococcus aureus, including genes such as atpA, rpsT, vraG, and mecA, which contribute to resistance against various antimicrobial agents. These findings highlight potential targets for developing antimicrobial potentiators.

The study shows that bioactive extracts of berry pomace can sensitize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to methicillin by down-regulating the expression of methicillin resistance genes (mecA) and efflux pump genes (norA, norB, norC, mdeA, sdrM, sepA).

The study identifies norA as a key gene involved in resistance to blasticidin S and its analog P10, demonstrating that inactivation of norA leads to increased resistance, suggesting that NorA facilitates the cellular uptake of these antibiotics.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes associated with the International Space Station (ISS) environmental surfaces, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms against various antibiotics, including beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Notably, genes such as mecA, blaZ, and qacB were detected, indicating resistance to methicillin, penicillin, and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively.

The study identifies several AMR genes involved in resistance to various antibiotics, including murA, murJ, fabI, norA, lmrB2/3, emrA, yhgE, lmrB2, fosB, uppP, vraRS, and mprF, through Tn-seq data and upregulation signatures.

Silybin inhibits the efflux pump of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by reducing the expression of norA and qacA/B genes, which are responsible for resistance to ciprofloxacin and benzalkonium chloride, respectively.

The study identified mupA, norA, smr, and qacA/B genes as prevalent in MRSA isolates, with mupA showing high prevalence in high-level mupirocin-resistant strains. No vanA gene was detected in vancomycin-resistant strains.

The study characterizes various AMR genes involved in resistance to multiple antibiotics, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and others, in different bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Serratia marcescens.

The study identifies CID 44330438 as a potential inhibitor of the NorA efflux pump, which is involved in fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant staphylococci from high-frequency touched surfaces in London, including blaZ, qacA/B, dfrC, norA, ant(4')-Ib, AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2")-Ia, fusB, msrA, ermC, mphC, tetK, mupA, cat, dfrG, lnuA, fusC, aph3-IIIa, sat4A, vgaA, and others. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Malaysia, highlighting the presence of mecA gene conferring beta-lactam resistance and erm gene contributing to MLSB resistance.

The study identifies RP2, a microbial-derived indole metabolite, as a potent efflux pump inhibitor targeting NorA, TetK, and MsrA in Staphylococcus aureus, enhancing the efficacy of antibiotics by reducing their minimum inhibitory concentrations and preventing the emergence of resistant mutants.

The study identified norA, qacA, and qacC as key efflux pumps contributing to antiseptic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. These genes conferred resistance to multiple antiseptics, including chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, pentamidine isethionate, and ethidium bromide. The research highlights the importance of these efflux pumps in antiseptic resistance and suggests that their cooperative action may exacerbate resistance when exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of antiseptics.

The study identifies compound 37a as a potent NorA efflux pump inhibitor that enhances the efficacy of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing NorA.

The study presents an optimized DNA extraction protocol for improving the identification of Staphylococcus aureus and its antibiotic resistance genes from infected tissue using nanopore sequencing. The modified protocol significantly reduced human DNA content, enhancing the sensitivity of metagenomic sequencing. Several antibiotic resistance genes, including arlS, sav1866, norA, mepA, and tetC, were identified in S. aureus isolates from patients with orthopedic implant-related infections.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates from dental plaque, including mecA, dfrA, dfrG, aacA-aphD, aadD, aphA3, ermC, msrA, tetK, norA, qacA, and qacC. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin G, trimethoprim, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from goat mastitis, including blaZ, ermA, ermB, mecA, tetK, tetM, norA, norC, and lmrS. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, erythromycin, methicillin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones.

The study characterizes two S. aureus ST398 strains, one methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and one methicillin-susceptible (MSSA), isolated from a pig transporter. The MRSA strain harbors the mecA gene, while the MSSA strain lacks it due to a large deletion. Both strains exhibit resistance to several antibiotics including tetracycline, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim.

Chalcone 4 was identified as an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) targeting NorA and MepA efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus, enhancing the efficacy of Norfloxacin against strains overexpressing these pumps.

Two resistance genes, aadD2 and blaZ, were identified in S. caprae SY333 and experimentally validated for their roles in conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and beta-lactams, respectively.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Glaesserella parasuis, including bla ROB−1, aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, sul2, aph(3′)-Ib, norA, bacA, ksgA, and bcr, which contribute to resistance against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and multiple antibiotics.

The study identifies norA as a key efflux pump that enhances the evolvability of ciprofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by increasing the fitness benefit of DNA topoisomerase mutations under ciprofloxacin treatment.

The study characterized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, identifying genes such as mecA, blaZ, norA, gyrA, gyrB, tet-38, mepA, mepR, arlS, arlR, mgrA, clsA, dfrC, msbA, rpoB32, mprF, and mrpA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies quinoline-4-carboxamide derivatives 3a and 3b as effective inhibitors of the Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pump, enhancing the efficacy of ciprofloxacin against resistant strains.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in MRSA ST398 isolates from a Portuguese slaughterhouse, highlighting the dissemination of these resistant strains through the pork production chain and their potential to colonize humans.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including blaZ, tet(K), norA, lmrS, mepR, and fosB, which confer resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, and fosfomycin. No resistance genes were found in S. pseudintermedius isolates.

The study identified a novel genotype of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (HS-MSSA) that caused a fatal sepsis case. The strain carries a strain-specific blaZ-bearing plasmid, indicating resistance to penam antibiotics.

The study presents a DNA microarray-based assay for the simultaneous detection of 44 sepsis-relevant bacterial pathogens, 360 virulence factors, and 409 antibiotic resistance genes. The assay was evaluated with 14 multidrug-resistant strains, including all ESKAPE pathogens.

The paper discusses the mechanisms of biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance in bacteria, highlighting the role of mutations, horizontal gene transfer, efflux pumps, membrane alterations, and biofilms in developing resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics. It emphasizes the risks posed by the extensive use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential for increased antimicrobial resistance.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bulk tank milk samples, including norA, aph(3')-Ia, blaZ, and mecA. These genes conferred resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and methicillin, respectively.

The study identifies several quinazoline-based compounds as effective NorA efflux pump inhibitors, enhancing the efficacy of ciprofloxacin against multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains.

The essential oil of Piper caldense (EOPC) was found to potentiate the activity of Norfloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes norA, mepA, and qacC. EOPC inhibited the efflux pumps NorA, MepA, and QacC, thereby reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Norfloxacin and Ethidium Bromide.

The study identifies several antimicrobial resistance genes in a multi-drug resistant community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strain isolated from fish, including mepR, mgrA, arlR, lmrS, fosB, norA, glpT, and murA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as glycylcycline, tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, cephalosporin, penam, macrolide, aminoglycoside, oxazolidinone, diaminopyrimidine, phenicol, fosfomycin, and acridine dye.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from equids, including blaZ, mupA, lnuA, tetK, tetL, tetM, norA, dfrC, dfrG, dfrK, ermA, ermC, msrA, mphC, qacA/B, qacC, and fosB. An isolate (17-021) was found to carry the lnuA gene and mupA plasmid, conferring resistance to clindamycin and mupirocin. A mutation in the prs gene was associated with phenotypic susceptibility to β-lactam drugs in a mecA-positive isolate.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, including mecA, blaZ, tet(K), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), dfrG, aac(6')-aph(2''), and cat(pC221), which confer resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identifies 5-NPPP as a potent inhibitor of the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus, which enhances the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin by reducing its efflux.

The study identifies various antimicrobial resistance genes in CoNS species, including mecA, norA, vatB, vgaB, lsaB, erm(43), ermT, fusD, fusF, and salA, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, macrolides, streptogramins, fusidic acid, and other antimicrobial agents. These genes are associated with horizontal gene transfer and recombination, highlighting the dynamic nature of CoNS evolution.

The study shows that the interaction between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa influences antibiotic resistance through changes in the expression of genes such as kpc, mexA-mexB-oprM, oprD, norA, and walk/R, which are involved in carbapenem, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin resistance.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus epidermidis, including norA, dfrC, mecA, mecR1, qacA, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, msrA, and mgrA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, methicillin, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified 18 antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus strain DC.RB_015, including mecA, blaZ, mepA, tet(K), tet(38), arlR, arlS, norA, mgrA, LmrS, APH(3′)-IIIa, aad(6), ErmB, SAT-4, mecR1, GlpT, murA, and bacA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as methicillin, beta-lactam, tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, aminoglycoside, nucleoside, fosfomycin, and bacitracin.

Mupirocin induces the expression of norA and mepA efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus, leading to increased tolerance to ciprofloxacin and chlorhexidine, respectively.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus isolates from Novosibirsk, Russia, including mecA, blaZ, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ermA, ermC, msrA, norA, dfrC, fosB, and mphC, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, and other antibiotics.

The study identified multidrug-resistant and enterotoxigenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw milk from cows at small-scale production units. The MRSA isolates exhibited resistance to β-lactams, tetracycline, and norfloxacin, with specific resistance genes such as blaZ, mecA, tetK, and norA detected. Enterotoxin genes like seb were also identified in MRSA isolates.

The study identified several AMR genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates from goats and their farm environments in Saudi Arabia, including mecA, blaZ, norA, lmrS, mepA, mepR, arlR, arlS, tet(38), mecR1, dfrC, fusC, fosB, fexA, tetM, msrA, mphC, fusB, APH(3′)-IIIa, tetK, and dfrG. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, macrolides, phenicols, diaminopyrimidines, oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, and fosfomycin.

The paper discusses the molecular mechanisms of resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting the roles of various genes and mutations in conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, oxazolidinones, lipopeptides, fluoroquinolones, and other antibiotics.

The study demonstrates that increased expression of the efflux pump norA drives the rapid evolutionary trajectory from tolerance to resistance against ciprofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus. Mutations in topoisomerase IV ParC (GrlA) such as Ser80Phe and Glu84Lys were identified as key contributors to ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including fexA, ermC, cfr, aac(6')-aph(2''), dfrG, tetK, blaZ, mecA, norA, tetM, and ermA, in Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species isolated from a swine manure treatment plant, indicating widespread resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in the multidrug-resistant S. hominis ShoR14 isolate, including tetK, norA, aac(6')-aph(2"), aadD, blaZ, mecA, mupA, fusC, ermC, sul4, dfrC, and catA7, which contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.

The paper discusses the resistance mechanisms of bacteria against ciprofloxacin, focusing on mutations in target enzymes like gyrA and parC, plasmid-mediated resistance genes such as qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and qepA, and efflux pumps contributing to resistance.

The paper characterizes several MFS multidrug efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus, including QacA, NorA, TetA(K), Tet38, MdeA, SdrM, LmrS, FexA, Tet(63), SfaA, and SbnD, highlighting their roles in conferring resistance to various antimicrobial agents.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in five MDR-MRSA isolates from newborn infants, including blaZ, mecA, ermC, norA, sdrM, lmrS, and mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance, as well as fusA mutations causing fusidic acid resistance.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolate SauR3, including blaZ, mecA, norA, norC, sdrM, ermC, lmrS, msrA, mphC, aph(3′)-IIIa, aadE, aac(6′)Ie-aph(2″)Ia, fosB, and SAT-4, contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

Exposure to aluminum chlorohydrate led to increased expression of antibiotic resistance genes including mecA, norA, norB/C, gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE in Staphylococcus epidermidis, resulting in resistance to oxacillin and ciprofloxacin.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains, including blaZ, mecA, mecC, norA, norC, MgrA, tet(45), APH(3′)-IIIa, ermC, AAC(6′)-APH(2″), and fusC. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B, and fusidic acid.

The study identified the presence of antibiotic resistance genes blaZ, mecA, norA, and norB in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from wound infections, highlighting their role in resistance to beta-lactams, methicillin, fluoroquinolones, and nitrofurantoin.

The essential oil of Piper tuberculatum fruits inhibits β-lactamase and efflux pumps (NorA, Tet(K), and MepA) in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, enhancing antibiotic activity.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a Brazilian veterinary hospital, including blaZ, mecA, norA, norC, tetM, tet38, ermA, and ermB, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, methicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin.

The study identified several AMR genes in S. aureus isolates, including blaZ, mecA, tetM, dfrS1, ermA, ermC, msrA, and norA, which conferred resistance to penicillin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin.

The study identifies mutations in grlA (S80F) and gyrB (T451S and/or R450S) as key contributors to fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, along with overexpression of rimI and fmtB.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw shrimp in China, including mecA, mecR1, blaZ, aph(3')-IIIa, aad(6), ANT(4')-Ib, tet(K), mph(C), lnu(A), ermB, ermC, dfrC, dfrG, fosB, SAT-4, rpoB, msr(A), mepA, mepR, norA, mgrA, tet(38), sav1866, arlR, and arlS, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, and others.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus equorum strains from cheese, including blaR1-blaZI, bla, mph(C), msr(A), norA, fosB/fosD, and cat, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified SMJ-5 as a potent NorA efflux pump inhibitor, enhancing the efficacy of ciprofloxacin and reducing biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus.

The study identified blaZ, norA, norC, tet38, and icaD genes in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with subclinical mastitis. These genes were linked to resistance against penicillin, tetracycline, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and biofilm formation.

Tannic acid inhibits the norA gene expression and the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of quinolones and ethidium bromide.

Valencene and nootkatone were identified as potential inhibitors of the NorA, Tet(K), MsrA, and MepA efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus strains, reducing the MIC of antibiotics and increasing EtBr fluorescence emission, indicating efflux pump inhibition.

The study identifies several multidrug efflux system genes (norA, norB, norC, lmrS, tet38, msrA) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from human, animal, and food sources, highlighting their role in resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified 21 resistance determinants in MRSP and MSSP strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, including genes such as blaZ, sdrM, norA, fosB, ykkcd, sepA, aac(6')-aph(2''), dfrG, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia, sat4, erm(B), aad(6), tet(M), cat(pC221), qacG, tet(K), and qacJ, which confer resistance to various antimicrobials.

The study identified that the sesquiterpenes nerolidol, farnesol, and alpha-bisabolol inhibited efflux pumps NorA, Tet(K), MsrA, and MepA in Staphylococcus aureus strains, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics and enhancing their antibacterial activity.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus xylosus NM36, including those conferring resistance to quinolones, teicoplanin, bicyclomycin, chloramphenicol, methicillin, fosfomycin, and others. The genome analysis reveals the presence of efflux pumps, regulatory proteins, and other resistance mechanisms contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in bacterial positive blood cultures using nanopore sequencing, demonstrating the effectiveness of this method in detecting resistance mechanisms and pathogens quickly.

The study demonstrates that the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus plays a crucial role in mediating resistance to pyocyanin toxicity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overexpression of NorA reduced S. aureus susceptibility to pyocyanin, while a ΔnorA mutant showed increased susceptibility.

The study identifies QSL_Pd 5A as a potent NorA efflux pump inhibitor that resensitizes fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to ciprofloxacin.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from acne patients in Egypt, including blaZ, mecA, tet(K), erm(C), lnuA, vgaA, dfrC, fusB, fosBx1, norA, and vanT. These genes were found to be located on plasmids and chromosomes, indicating a multidrug-resistant profile.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Vermont dairy farms, including beta-lactam resistance genes (blaZ, blaI, blaR), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(K), tet(38)), erythromycin resistance genes (erm(T), erm(A)), lincomycin resistance gene (lnu(G)), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aaC3, ant(9)-la), multidrug resistance efflux pumps (lmrS, mepA, mepR, mepB, norA, norB, arlS, arlR, mgrA), and fosfomycin resistance gene (fosB).

The study reveals the proton-coupled transport mechanism of the efflux pump NorA, highlighting the critical roles of Glu222 and Asp307 in maintaining the inward-occluded conformation and facilitating drug efflux.

Thymoquinone (TQ) impairs the NorA efflux pump activity in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, leading to reduced resistance to fluoroquinolones and doxycycline.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including MRSA-ST80, carrying various AMR genes such as mecA, blaI, blaZ, ermC, aph-S-tph, dha1, norA, tet38, mepA, lmrS, and fosB. Mutations in gyrA and parC were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates from Bangladesh, including mecA, blaZ, ermC, mepA, norA, norC, sdrM, and lmrS, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies and characterizes several efflux pump genes (norA, mepA, bmrA, patA, and patB) in Gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating their role in mediating resistance to fluoroquinolones. A novel diagnostic molecule, 5a4, was developed to quantify efflux activity, showing promise for rapid and accurate detection of efflux-mediated resistance.

The paper discusses the synergistic pathogenesis of Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus, focusing on biofilms, efflux pumps, and secretion systems. It identifies several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to various antibiotics.

AmrProfiler identifies a wide range of AMR genes and mutations across multiple bacterial species, demonstrating high accuracy and broader species coverage compared to existing tools.

The study identifies pyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]benzothiazine 5,5-dioxide derivatives as effective NorA efflux pump inhibitors, enhancing the efficacy of ciprofloxacin against S. aureus strains overexpressing NorA.

The study demonstrates that (+)-Usnic acid (UA) exhibits strong anti-staphylococcal activity and synergizes with Norfloxacin (NOR) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). UA reduces the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of various antibiotics, including Oxacillin, Cefoxitin, Cefazolin, Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin. The combination of UA and NOR shows synergistic interactions against all MRSA clinical isolates.

The study identified novel Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) elements in four methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from healthy medical students. The isolates harbored various antimicrobial resistance genes, including mecA, blaZ, mphC, msrA, tetK, fusC, fusF, qacA, qacB, qacC, norA, copB, arsC, cadC, cadD, copZ, copA, copR, and czcD, which conferred resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, fusidic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, fluoroquinolones, and heavy metals.

The study identifies NorA and Tet38 efflux pumps as critical for Staphylococcus aureus survival in the cystic fibrosis airway environment and resistance to antibiotics. Mutations in the norA promoter, including CAAT, ACAA, and CTAT insertions, were found to enhance norA expression and contribute to increased resistance to ciprofloxacin and pyocyanin.

Lupeol was identified as a potential inhibitor of the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating the ability to enhance the efficacy of fluoroquinolones by reducing their MIC.

The study identified four core antimicrobial resistance genes (dfrC, mgrA, norA, and tet(38)) in bovine-derived Staphylococcus chromogenes isolates, which confer resistance to trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. In contrast, porcine-derived isolates harbored a more diverse set of resistance determinants.

The study identified several AMR genes in Staphylococcus aureus ST1 isolates from New Zealand, including blaZ, tet(38), mecA, mecR1, qacA, qacB, ermC, fusC, mupA, and others. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as penicillin, tetracycline, methicillin, quaternary ammonium compounds, erythromycin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, and fluoroquinolones. The study also highlighted the presence of a novel prophage, φSabovST1, in bovine ST1 isolates, which encoded bovine-adapted leukocidins.

The study identifies mepA, LmrS, and norA as multidrug and quinolone resistance genes in a ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain isolated from edible fish, demonstrating their role in promoting mucosal colonization under food-residue-level antibiotic exposure.

The study detected β-lactam resistance gene blaZ and methicillin resistance gene mecC, along with efflux pump genes norA, norC, and msrA in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from commercial laying hens in Brazil.

Betulinic acid (BA) inhibits the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus strains SA-1199 and SA-1199B, reducing the MIC of norfloxacin and ethidium bromide, and increasing membrane permeability.