The study identified blaCTX-M, rmtB, and oqxB as the predominant resistance genes in IncF plasmids from multi-drug resistant E. coli strains in China, highlighting the role of these plasmids in the spread of multidrug resistance.

The study presents SSTAR, a software tool for identifying antimicrobial resistance (AR) genes from whole-genome sequencing data. It detects known AR genes and potential new variants, including truncated forms. The tool was applied to analyze resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST437 and Escherichia coli ST44, revealing various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and porin mutations contributing to resistance.

The study presents a real-time analysis framework for MinION sequencing data, demonstrating the ability to identify pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes within a few hours of sequencing. Key resistance genes identified include blaSHV, mphA, strA, strB, blaTEM, sul2, blaOXA, aac3, aac6, blaCMY, blaCFE, blaLAT, blaBIL, QnrB, aadA, oqxA, tetA, oqxB, rmtC, sul1, sul3, fosA, blaNDM, oqxA, blaSHV, oqxB, aadB, sul1, sul3, blaOXA, blaOKP, fosA, blaSHV, blaOKP, blaLEN, oqxA, and oqxB.

The study identified the presence of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene blaSHV-11 and the efflux pump genes oqxA and oqxB in a hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated from a neonate.

The study characterizes various AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae panel strains, including beta-lactamases (bla SHV-11, bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M15, bla OXA-1, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-187, bla SHV-158, bla DHA-1, bla CMY-2), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aac(6')-Ib, strA, strB, aadA1, aadA2), quinolone resistance genes (qnrB66, qnrB4, oqxA, oqxB), tetracycline resistance (tet(A)), trimethoprim resistance (dfrA14), sulfonamide resistance (sul1, sul2), and porin genes (OmpK35, OmpK36).

The study identifies the overexpression of acrB and oqxB efflux pump genes as potential contributors to tigecycline resistance in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates.

The study demonstrates the feasibility of rapid nanopore sequencing for detecting plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in clinical isolates. It identifies several AMR genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, and phenicol resistance genes, in both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes associated with the International Space Station (ISS) environmental surfaces, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms against various antibiotics, including beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Notably, genes such as mecA, blaZ, and qacB were detected, indicating resistance to methicillin, penicillin, and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in feedlots and urban wastewater, highlighting the prevalence of sulfonamide, tetracycline, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, and β-lactam resistance genes in different environments.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from pigs and abattoir workers in Cameroon, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, bla SHV-28, and others, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and their potential for zoonotic transmission.

The study identified that pKpQIL-UK and pKpQIL-D2 plasmids affect gene expression in K. pneumoniae without causing genomic mutations. These plasmids influence resistance to carbapenems and other antibiotics through the expression of genes like blaKPC and blaTEM, as well as efflux pumps such as acrAB and oqxB.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in an XDR-KP strain, including blaKPC-3, blaOXA-9, blaTEM-1A, and various resistance mechanisms involving efflux pumps, porin deficiencies, and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations.

The study identified the presence of ESBL genes (SHV, TEM, CTX-M) and PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qepA, oqxB) in Klebsiella pneumonia, Morganella morganii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, and Citrobacter freundii isolated from poultry in South Western Nigeria.

The study characterizes the role of efflux pumps AcrAB and OqxAB in conferring resistance to various antibiotics, as well as the impact of mutations in porin genes ompK35 and ompK36 on antibiotic susceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The study identifies the overexpression of OqxAB and MacAB efflux pumps, along with the transcriptional regulator RamA, as contributing to eravacycline resistance and heteroresistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mutations in acrR and ramR were also found to be associated with eravacycline resistance.

The study characterizes various AMR genes involved in resistance to multiple antibiotics, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and others, in different bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Serratia marcescens.

High levels of Bifidobacterium in early life are associated with reduced levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the gut microbiome. Specifically, the gene ermX, encoding a 23S rRNA methyltransferase, was found to be significantly enriched in high-Bifidobacterium samples and is associated with resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B.

The study identifies plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMFQR) genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA, oqxB, qepA, and various qnr alleles in pediatric Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting the role of community environments in the spread of these resistant strains.

The study reports a fatal case of bacteremia caused by a hypermucoviscous KPC-2 producing extensively drug-resistant K64-ST11 Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolate harbored multiple AMR genes including blaKPC-2, blaSHV-11, qnrS1, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, sul2, dfrA1, tetA, tetD, and fosA, contributing to its extensive drug resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC-2, bla KPC-3, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, ampC, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, armA, rmtB, tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(G), sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA25, dfrA26, dfrA30, oqxA, oqxB, and mgrB, as well as mutations in ompK35, ompK36, gyrA, parC, phoP, phoQ, pmrA, and pmrB, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identified two clones of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, ST37 and ST3006, in a neonatal intensive care unit. ST37 harbored multiple resistance genes, including OXA-33, TEM-1, SHV-11, and others, while ST3006 carried fewer resistance genes. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of various antibiotic resistance genes and genomic islands.

The study identified multiple ESBL genes, including bla CTX-M-15, several bla SHV, bla TEM-63, and bla OXA-10, along with other AMR genes across diverse lineages of K. pneumoniae isolates from Malawi. No carbapenem resistance genes were detected, but plasmids similar to carbapenem resistance-associated plasmid pNDM-mar were found.

The study characterized multiple AMR genes in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, including bla TEM-1B, bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-1, bla OXA-1, aad AI6, aac (6′)Ib-cr, aph (6)Id, aph (3′)-Ib, oqx A, oqx B, fos A, ARR-3, sul 1, sul 2, dfr A14, dfr A27, cat A1, and cat B4.

The study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in the emerging Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 lineage, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms including carbapenemases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and various other resistance genes.

The study identifies a carbapenemase-producing hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate (CP-hvKP) in the United States, which carries the blaKPC-2 gene on a plasmid, along with other resistance genes such as blaSHV-36, fosA, oqxA, and oqxB. The isolate also possesses hypervirulence factors, highlighting the dual threat of antimicrobial resistance and virulence.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC, bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and mutations in ompk35, ompk36, gyrA, and parC. These findings highlight the complex resistance mechanisms contributing to the persistence of MDR-Kp in the hospital setting.

The study identifies various AMR genes in ST258 K. pneumoniae isolates, including blaKPC-2, blaKPC-3, aadA2, aadA1, blaTEM-1A, blaSHV-11, blaSHV-12, oqxA, oqxB, fosA, dfrA12, dfrA14, sul1, sul2, catA1, cml, and strAB, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified 19 drug resistance genes in 10 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains, with efflux pump genes being the most prevalent. Key genes included aacA4, which had a 19-bp deletion associated with aminoglycoside resistance, and other genes like TEM-1, OXA-23, and ANT(3'')-IIa.

The study identifies the emergence of mcr-2, a colistin resistance gene, and oqxB, a quinolone resistance gene, in Escherichia coli following preventive antibiotic treatment of calves with florfenicol.

The study identifies blaKPC-2 as the dominant carbapenemase gene in clinical CRKP isolates, along with various ESBLs and other resistance genes such as blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, aac(3)-IId, rmtB, QnrS1, oqxA, oqxB, fosA, catA1, catA2, dfrA1, and dfrA17.

The study identifies the chromosomally-encoded mcr-1 gene in a colistin-resistant E. coli ST695 strain, along with various other resistance genes such as bla NDM-1, aadA1, aadA2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, rmtB, cmlA1, floR, tet(A), tet(M), dfrA12, oqxA, oqxB, qnrS1, mph(A), bla TEM-105, and bla TEM-1B, contributing to its multidrug-resistant phenotype.

The study identified several AMR genes using Nanopore sequencing, including mecA, blaTEM-4, blaTEM-112, blaTEM-157, blaACT-5, oqxB, tetC, ermA, erm (33), tet38, ant(4′)-lb, tetK, tetQ, sul1, dfrA, acrF, parE, mfd, mphA, aadA5, vgaC, blaACT-5, blaACT-14, mefA, mel, tetX, tetM, isaC, and aadA5, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as methicillin, ticarcillin, ceftazidime, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin.

The study demonstrates the capability of MinION sequencing combined with NanoOK RT software to rapidly identify pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance gene profiles in preterm infants, enabling real-time diagnostics and resistance profiling.

The study identifies several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from German surface waters, highlighting the presence of clinically relevant resistance mechanisms such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, mcr-1, and others.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaSHV-11, blaTEM-1B, blaVEB-1, blaOXA-10, blaKPC-2, blaOXA-9, blaVIM-27, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-48), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA1, ant(2'')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, arr-2, aadA24, aph(3')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')Ib-cr, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(G)), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA23), chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1, catB4), and others.

The study reports the first detection of a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-producing Escherichia coli variant isolated from a human in China, with multidrug resistance properties, including colistin resistance mediated by the mcr-1 gene, along with other resistance genes such as aadA1, aadA2, dfrA12, blaTEM-1B, oqxA, oqxB, floR, cmlA1, sul3, and tet(A).

The study characterizes an IMP-4-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST1873 strain, identifying multiple antimicrobial resistance genes including blaIMP-4, blaSHV-2, blaSHV-11, oqxA, oqxB, aph(6)-Id, strA, catA1, dfrA5, sul2, and fosA.

The study identifies the mcr-1 gene as a key factor in colistin resistance in E. coli strains isolated from polluted rivers and wild birds. It also characterizes several other AMR genes including aadA1, aadA2, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(4)-Ia, aph(6)-Id, tet(B), tet(D), tet(A), bla CTX–M–14, bla TEM–1, qnrS2, oqxA, oqxB, cmlA1, floR, vgaC, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, and glpT (E448K).

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Klebsiella isolates from preterm infants, highlighting the presence of multidrug resistance mechanisms.

The study presents machine learning models for predicting antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria using whole-genome sequencing data. Key resistance genes identified include AAC(6')-Ib, APH(3")-Ib, OqxB21, FosA2, SHV-200, EC-18, CTX-M-222, KPC-33, OXA-51, and OXA-561.

The study identifies IMP-38-producing high-risk ST307 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in a neonatal unit in China, highlighting the acquisition of diverse antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaIMP-38, blaCTX-M-3, blaSHV-2A, blaSHV-28, blaTEM-1, aacA4, catB3, oqxA, oqxB, and fosA6.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in ESBL-producing bacteria from Norwegian freshwater environments, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to various antibiotics including beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides.

The study identifies a cluster of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 101 isolated from food and humans, highlighting the potential role of food as a source of multidrug-resistant bacteria transmission to humans.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain carrying several AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1B, blaSHV-27, aac(3)-IId, aadA1, sul2, tetB, tetD, fosA-like, oqxA, oqxB, and qnrE1, highlighting the potential of native Amazonian fish as reservoirs of clinically relevant AMR genes.

The study compared hybrid assembly approaches for bacterial pathogen genomes and identified AMR genes such as blaZ, msr(A), and tet(K) in Staphylococcus aureus.

The study identified NDM-5-producing CRKP and SIM-producing hvKP strains, highlighting the emergence of novel resistance mechanisms and the effectiveness of tigecycline-carbapenem combinations in treating these infections.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.1, in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from pigs with postweaning diarrhea in China.

The study identified several AMR genes in two hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from renal transplant recipients, including bla CTX-M-15, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and others, indicating resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella isolates from broilers in Shandong, China, including blaTEM, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, blaPSE, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxB, qnrB, and mcr-1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, enrofloxacin, and polymyxin.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial isolates from chronic non-healing wounds, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, macrolide resistance genes, and others. These genes were found in various bacterial species such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and others.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations contributing to carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates from urine, including bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX-M, bla DHA, bla KPC, bla VIM, and mutations in ompK35 and ompK36.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in endophytic ESBL-producing Enterobacterales isolated from fresh vegetables, highlighting their potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, bla SHV-12, bla SHV-28, bla SHV-81, bla TEM-1B, bla TEM-52C, bla CARB-2, bla OXA-1, bla DHA-1, and bla CMY-2, along with other AMR genes such as aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA1, aadA2, aph(4)-Ia, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB1, qnrS1, floR, sul2, sul1, tet(A), dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA17, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA16, dfrA15, catB3, cmlA1, arr-2, and qnrB19, which confer resistance to various antibiotics in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from food products.

The study identifies a novel hybrid plasmid, pCRHV-C2244, in a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 isolate, which encodes the β-lactamase KPC-2 along with various virulence factors. The plasmid shows stable maintenance without significant fitness costs and enhances virulence in vitro and in vivo.

The study identifies a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate carrying the plasmid-mediated AmpC gene blaDHA-1, along with other resistance genes such as blaOXA-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3')-Ia, sul1, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB4, arr-3, tet(A), catB3, mph(A), fosA, IncFIB(K), and IncR.

The study reports the emergence of a high-level carbapenem-resistant and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Escherichia coli strain N7 producing NDM-5, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance genes on plasmids and chromosomes.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from retail meat in Beijing, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-65), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Iaa, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib), sulfonamide resistance gene (sul2), beta-lactamase (blaTEM-1B), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1), and colistin resistance genes (mcr-1.1, mcr-9).

The study identifies several beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and efflux pumps involved in resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones in E. coli and K. pneumoniae using proteogenomics.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from pigs in China, including aac(3)-IV, aac6'-Ib, rmtA, blaTEM, blaSHV, oqxB, and tetA. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines.

Two mcr-1-harboring Salmonella isolates, CFSA231 and CFSA629, were identified. The mcr-1 gene was found on an IncX4 plasmid in CFSA231 and on an IncHI2A/IncHI2 plasmid in CFSA629. A novel mcr-1 variant, mcr-1.19, was identified in CFSA629.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Delftia tsuruhatensis TR1180, including blaOXA-118, oqxB, dfrA16, aac(6')-Ib3, aadA2, sul1, floR, and tet(G), which correspond to the strain's resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines.

The study characterizes the mcr-1 gene and various other resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from animal organs with lesions, highlighting their multidrug resistance profiles and the genetic features of plasmids carrying these genes.

OqxB is an RND efflux pump that contributes to fluoroquinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Functional studies showed that overexpression of oqxB increases MICs for fluoroquinolones, confirming its role in efflux.

The study reports the high prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and integrons among clinical Escherichia coli isolates in Mansoura City, Egypt. The most prevalent PMQR genes were oqxAB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrS.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates causing infective endocarditis, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, and fluoroquinolones. These genes were detected through molecular analysis and resistance profiling.

The study identifies mutations in gyrA and parC genes, along with plasmid-encoded resistance genes such as qnrA, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA, and oqxB, as key contributors to fluoroquinolone resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.

The study identified and quantified 13 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in layer manure, layer manure fertilizer, and soil samples from Guangdong Province, highlighting the high prevalence and abundance of these genes, particularly ermB, tetA, and sul2, and their potential environmental impact.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla NDM-5, bla OXA-10, and bla TEM-1B, in NDM-5-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from an urban river in China. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides.

The study examined the impact of antibiotic therapies on the dynamics and composition of resistance genes in the animal gut microbiota, identifying several AMR genes such as blaTEM, tetA, strA, strB, intI1, tetM, mel, floR, mcr-2, oqx B, tetC, tetG, tetO, tetW, tetX, ermB, ermF, sul1, sul2, and others, which were experimentally validated in Escherichia coli.

The study identified several AMR genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla NDM-1, rmtC, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-II, aph(3′′)-Ib, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB1, qnrS1, sul1, sul2, and dfrA, which were associated with resistance to various antibiotics in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from the Philippines.

The study identified the presence of oqxA and oqxB genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates, which are associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics including piperacillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations contributing to ciprofloxacin and tigecycline resistance in XDR Salmonella enterica isolates, including qepA, qnrS, qnrA, tet(A), and gyrA mutations. Overexpression of ramA was also linked to resistance.

The study identified the carbapenemase gene blaKPC-2 and blaKPC-24, along with fosfomycin resistance gene fosA6, and various extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-65, and blaCTX-M-27 in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Additionally, genes associated with fluoroquinolone, macrolide, aminoglycoside, and sulfonamide resistance were also characterized.

The study identified a variety of resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including bla KPC, bla NDM, bla VIM, and others, highlighting the complex genetic diversity of these pathogens.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from pig farms in China, including ESBL genes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, carbapenem resistance genes, and colistin resistance genes. It highlights the widespread presence of these resistance mechanisms and their potential to spread to human pathogens.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and mutations in the Serratia marcescens complex, highlighting the presence of hospital-adapted lineages with a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Key AMR genes include blaCTX-M, blaNDM, blaOXA, qnrS1, tet(A), aac(6')-Ib, mph(A), erm(B), aadA, floR, sul1, and dfrA12, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, florfenicol, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from Kuwait, including beta-lactamases (blaKPC-2, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-4, blaTEM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IIa, aph(6)-Id, aadA5), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), quinolone resistance genes (gyrA_D87N, qnrB1), and others. Colistin resistance was linked to the pmrB_R256G mutation.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from powdered milk, including blaSHV variants, oqx genes, fosA, pmrB_R256G, and mcr-9. These genes conferred resistance to beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, fosfomycin, and colistin. Despite some isolates carrying mcr-9, they remained susceptible to colistin.

The study identified clone divergence in Klebsiella pneumoniae, particularly highlighting the emergence of hypervirulent plus antimicrobial-resistant (hv+AMR) subclones. Key AMR genes such as bla KPC-2, bla CTX-M-65, and others were characterized, along with virulence factors like rmpA, rmpA2, and ybt.

The study reports the successful knockout of the oqxB gene in Pseudomonas fulva, which resulted in reduced growth in the presence of chloramphenicol, suggesting its role in chloramphenicol resistance.

The study identified OXA-232-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains that exhibited multidrug resistance, including resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and quinolones. The strains were part of a clonal spread within the ICU, showing genetic similarities and carrying resistance genes such as blaOXA-232, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-106, and others.

The study characterizes a KPC-3-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST392 isolate from a dog in Portugal, highlighting the presence of multiple AMR genes including blaKPC-3, aac(6')-lb-cr, tet(A), sul2, qnrB1, and OqxB/A, indicating multidrug resistance.

CRKP strains showed extensive resistance to clinical disinfectants, with high prevalence of efflux pump genes oqxA, oqxB, and qacE∆1-sul1. Increased concentrations of aqueous chlorhexidine and chlorine-containing disinfectants are recommended for effective control.

The study identifies a non-carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from a dog's urine, with resistance mechanisms involving efflux pumps (acrAB) and porin gene mutations, along with the presence of bla CMY-2, fosA, and oqxAB genes.

The study identified four variants of bla CTX-M (CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55, CTX-M-64, and CTX-M-65) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from livestock and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Other AMR genes such as bla TEM-1b, aac 3-IId, qnr S1, and sul 2 were also characterized.

The study characterized various AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella isolates from the Philippines, highlighting the presence of ESBL genes, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, and mutations in gyrA and parC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study compared different annotation platforms for detecting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in various sequencing data types. It found that plasmid DNA purification was unnecessary for detecting plasmid-borne AMR genes and that hybrid sequencing improved AMR gene detection. The study also highlighted variations in AMR gene detection among different databases.

The study identifies multiple lineages of carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (cr-hvKp) within the CC15 clonal complex, highlighting the dissemination of resistance genes such as bla KPC-2, bla SHV-28, and bla TEM-1B, along with virulence plasmids contributing to hypervirulence.

The study identified several AMR genes in K. pneumoniae isolates, including blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-3, blaOXA-232, catB3, aac(6')-Ib-cr, dfrA14, IntI1, IS1, RepE, qnrB4, qnrB55, qnrS1, aph(3")-Ib, sul2, aadA2, SHV-190, SHV-26, SHV-11, tet(A), fosA, OqxA, and OqxB, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, quinolones, sulfonamides, and fosfomycin.

The study found a high prevalence of OqxAB efflux pump genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from hospitalized patients, with significant associations between oqx B and ciprofloxacin resistance, and between oqx A and resistance to ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes, including CRP, ACT-1, baeR, acrA, H-NS, and oqxB, in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from shopping mall surfaces, highlighting the presence of multidrug efflux systems and antibiotic target alterations as key resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in metagenomic assemblies from apical periodontal infections, highlighting the presence of multidrug resistance mechanisms in Enterobacter and Pseudomonas species.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in novel environmental strains of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, including fosA, bla OKP, oqxB, oqxA, bla SHV−1, bla OXA−1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, catB, and aph(3”)-Ia, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as fosfomycin, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identifies specific antibacterial resistance (ABR) genes that may contribute to exponential cell division in the presence of antibiotics for various pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Veillonella parvula, and Clostridium perfringens.

The study identifies a diverse array of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes across various plasmid replicon types in enteric pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes in plasmids such as IncHI2, IncN, IncA/C, IncP, IncHI1, and IncFIA. Key AMR genes include aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIg, aac(6')-Ib3, aadA1, aadA5, aph(3'')-Ib, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-27, bla NDM-1, mcr-9.1, and others, which confer resistance to antibiotics such as gentamicin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, colistin, and tetracycline.

The study identified bla KPC-2 and bla NDM-5 as the main carbapenem resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) isolates. Additionally, various other resistance genes were detected, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-3, OXA-1, OXA-10, TEM-1), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-Iva, aac(6′)-Ib-AKT, aac(6′)-Ib-D181Y, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, aph(6)-Id), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS1, qnrS2), tetracycline resistance genes (oqxA10, oqxB17), fosfomycin resistance gene (fosA3), and chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1, cmlA5).

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from wastewater in Serbia, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant isolates with resistance to various antibiotics, including carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and colistin.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacterales and A. baumannii clinical strains from a single patient, highlighting the presence of blaNDM-1, qnrS1, aadA1, strA-strB, sul2, tet(J), catA1, blaACT-15, blaTEM-1B, dfrA14, oqxB, fosA, blaLEN-22, blaOXA-23, blaADC-25, blaOXA-66, armA, mph(E), msr(E), and tetB, indicating multidrug resistance and potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identifies a wide array of antimicrobial resistance genes in retail food samples, highlighting the significant role of Enterobacteriaceae in carrying these resistance determinants. The targeted resistome sequencing approach effectively detects and characterizes these genes, demonstrating its superiority over traditional shotgun metagenomics.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soil using H2 18O stable isotope probing combined with high-throughput sequencing. These included aph(3')-IIc, oqxB, blaTEM-181, blaL1, and dfrB3, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, quinolones, trimethoprim, and beta-lactams.

The study identified the bla KPC-2 gene as a major contributor to carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from hospital wastewater, demonstrating its successful in vitro transfer through conjugation.

The study identified mcr-1, mcr-4, and mcr-9 genes in colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from the Czech Republic, highlighting their association with plasmid-mediated resistance and multidrug resistance features.

The study identified carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain K-2157, which harbors multiple AMR genes including blaSHV-190, blaTEM-1, blaOXA-9, blaKPC-2, fosA, oqxA, and oqxB, along with virulence-associated plasmids and an integrative and conjugative element (ICE).

The study identifies several AMR genes in a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes strain, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and others. The strain was found to be susceptible to carbapenems and polymyxins.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-42, bla NDM-5, aadA, bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-232, bla NDM-1, rmtB, rmtC, bla VEB, bla VIM-2, aph(3'), strA/B, bla OXA-23, aph (3′), catB, dfrB, bla VIM-2, fosA, oqxA, oqxB, bla OXA-23, bla CARB, bla OXA-91, bla OXA-51, bla PAO, bla SHV, aph (3′)-Ib, aph (6)-Id, mphE, msrE, ermB, mphA, aadA, rmtB, qnrB, dfrA, sul1, sul2, and fosA7.

The study compared antimicrobial resistance genes and phenotypes across different sequencing platforms and assays for Enterobacterales clinical isolates, highlighting the detection of various AMR genes such as blaKPC-2, qnrB, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, sul2, drfA*, aac(3)-IIe, and blaCTX-M-1, which conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified the presence of multiple AMR genes, including blaOXA-232, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-28, fosA, oqxA, oqxB, tet(E), AAC(6')-Ib, APH(3'')-Ib, APH(6)-Id, TEM-1, sul2, QnrB17, QnrB1, dfrA14, arr-2, AAC(6')-Ib9, and rmtF, in OXA-232-producing CRKP isolates from a hospital outbreak in China.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from Kuwait's marine environment, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and macrolide resistance genes. Additionally, the MFS-type drug efflux gene mdfA was commonly found in E. coli isolates.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including blaOXA-232, blaCTX-M-15, dfrA14, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and others, in K. pneumoniae isolates, highlighting the role of integrons and plasmids in the dissemination of resistance.

The study identifies tet(X4) and tmexCD1-toprJ1 as key genes contributing to tigecycline resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from hospital sewage, highlighting the role of plasmid-mediated resistance and efflux pump overexpression.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables in Shanghai, China, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, and fosfomycin.

The study identifies multiple efflux pump genes and a genus-specific OXA-926-like beta-lactamase in the multidrug-resistant Delftia tsuruhatensis strain MR-6/3H, contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified two NDM-5-producing K. pneumoniae ST11 isolates from a single patient, highlighting the presence of multiple acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaNDM-5, blaCTX-M-15, and rmtB, along with other resistance determinants.

The study identifies 54 AMR genes and three AMR gene cassettes in the plasmid-free, highly drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana isolate S1467, contributing to resistance against multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study identifies blaKPC-2 as a key gene in carbapenem resistance among CRKP isolates, along with other resistance genes such as rmtB, APH(3')-Ia, and QnrB4. It also highlights the prevalence of ST11-KL47-OL101 clones and the role of plasmid pKpnR03_2 in the spread of resistance.

The study identified OXA-48 carbapenemase in 82.9% of K. pneumoniae isolates and NDM in 7.3%. bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV, and bla OXA-1 were also detected. Additionally, aac(6")-Ib, dfrA14, oqxA, and oqxB were found to confer resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, and fluoroquinolones.

Low-dose ozone nanobubble treatments increased the relative abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in pond water, particularly those associated with efflux pumps and beta-lactam resistance.

The study characterized carbapenem and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from humans and dogs in Thailand, identifying multiple beta-lactamase genes, fosfomycin resistance genes, quinolone resistance genes, and the mcr-3.5 gene for colistin resistance.

Four Acinetobacter lwoffii strains were isolated from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis in China. These strains exhibited multidrug resistance and carried 17 resistance genes, including beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside-modifying, fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and chloramphenicol resistance genes.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in the MDR-KP isolate WSF99, including various beta-lactamases, carbapenemase, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, and others, highlighting the complex resistance profile of this high-risk clone.

The study identified multiple biocide resistance genes in Brazilian ESKAPE isolates, highlighting the presence of resistance mechanisms against benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, and triclosan. Key genes included efflux pumps (acrE/envC, acrF/envD, adeA, adeB, adeC, mexD, oqxA, oqxB, qacA, qacR, sdeB), enzyme modifiers (fabV, sh-fabI), and porins (kpnO).

The study identifies mcr-8 and mcr-9 genes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolates from Thailand, highlighting their role in colistin resistance. It also characterizes additional AMR genes such as bla NDM-1, bla IMP-14, and various other resistance determinants.

The study identifies the OqxB efflux pump as a key factor in quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, demonstrating that its overexpression leads to increased resistance to quinolones such as levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin.

Plumbagin enhances the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of chlorhexidine against clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae by reducing resistance mutations.

The study found that indole produced by Escherichia coli downregulated the expression of RND efflux pump genes (acrA, acrB, oqxA, and oqxB) in Klebsiella pneumoniae, leading to reduced antibiotic resistance.

The study identifies a novel ST45-K43 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, 18SHX166, carrying multiple antimicrobial resistance genes including bla KPC-2, oqxA, oqxB, fosA7, bla SHV26, aph(3′)-Ia, bleO, tet(A), dfrA14, and bla TEM1B. The strain exhibits multidrug resistance and high transmissibility.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in wastewater isolates from Pakistan, highlighting the presence of carbapenemases like blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-1, as well as quinolone resistance determinants such as gyrA and parC mutations. These findings emphasize the role of wastewater as a reservoir for clinically relevant AMR genes.

The study identified four acquired AMR genes (aph(3')-Ia, blaOXY-1, OqxA, and OqxB) and mutations in OmpK35 and OmpK36 associated with cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance in K. michiganensis RSM9152B-2.

The study reports the genomic characterization of an extended-spectrum β-Lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate, Cow102, which exhibits multidrug resistance. It identifies several resistance genes, including blaSHV-1, blaSHV-11, blaSHV-13, blaSHV-26, blaSHV-70, blaSHV-78, blaSHV-98, blaSHV-145, blaTEM-1B, aadA2, catA2, catII, dfrA16, fosA, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, sul2, and tet(D).

The study identified multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolates carrying various beta-lactamase genes such as bla CTX-M-15, bla GES-51, bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, and bla KPC-3, along with other resistance genes like oqxA, oqxB, sul2, aph(6)-Id, dfr14, qnrB1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr.

The study reveals significant transitions in the antibiotic resistome during municipal wastewater treatment, highlighting the presence of various ARGs in untreated wastewater and their reduced abundance in treated samples. Notably, certain ARGs like blaOXA, mef(A), and msr(D) were prevalent in untreated wastewater, while others like aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, mef(C), mph(A), and mph(G) were more prominent in activated sludge samples.

The study identifies CTX-M-55, CTX-M-65, CTX-M-27, and CTX-M-14 ESβL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in companion animals in Ecuador, highlighting their global One Health significance and the need for surveillance programs.

The study identified a single multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae isolate from soil samples carrying multiple resistance genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1, bla SHV-28, bla OXA-1, qnr B1, oqx A, oqx B19, aac (6′)-Ibcr, sul 2, dfr A14, tet A, aph (6)-Id, aph (3″)-Ib, acr D, cat B3, and Int I1.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from Southern Thailand, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Notably, the mcr-9 gene was found to confer colistin resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in opportunistic pathogenic bacteria isolated from farm-reared crickets, including beta-lactamases such as blaSHV-81, blaSHV-110, blaZ, blaOXY-2-6, blaACT-16, blaSHV-70, blaSHV-13, and blaSHV-11, as well as genes for fosfomycin resistance (fosB1, fosA), tetracycline resistance (tet(J)), and disinfectant resistance (qacG).

The study shows that disrupting zinc homeostasis using PBT2 and zinc ions can reverse tigecycline resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae by inhibiting efflux pump mechanisms.

The study identifies the oqxA and oqxB genes as plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in E. coli isolates from Egyptian patients with UTIs. Chlorpromazine was shown to inhibit the efflux pump activity, reducing levofloxacin resistance.

The study identified a variety of antimicrobial and metal resistance genes in bacteria isolated from mine water in Austria, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug efflux pumps and beta-lactamase genes. It also noted the presence of specific metal resistance genes such as ruvB, copA, recGM, and mgtA, as well as co-resistance genes like arsBM, acrD, and the mer operon.

The study identifies the first occurrence of bla(IMI-4) carbapenemase in Costa Rica, carried by Enterobacter roggenkampii and Enterobacter sichuanensis. The gene is located within a chromosomal EcloIMEX-2-like element, highlighting its potential for interspecies mobility.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in an extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate, including bla NDM-1, armA, msrE, mphE, BRP, bla OXA-1, aadA2, dfrA12, qnrB1, bla CTX-M-15, and cat1, highlighting the complex resistance mechanisms in this isolate.

AmrProfiler identifies a wide range of AMR genes and mutations across multiple bacterial species, demonstrating high accuracy and broader species coverage compared to existing tools.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in microbial communities from the Oder river water and sediment, including blaTEM-116, erm(F), otr(C), ole(C), oqxB, dfrB3, tcr3, otr(A), vat(F), mph(E), srmB, and qepA4. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX-M, and bla OXA families, as well as aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and sulfonamide resistance genes. Effluent isolates showed fewer resistance genes and lower resistance levels compared to clinical isolates.