The study identifies the oqxAB genes encoding a plasmid-mediated multidrug efflux pump that confers resistance to olaquindox and chloramphenicol in Escherichia coli.

The study shows that the PMQR genes oqxAB and aac(6')Ib-cr contribute to the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella typhimurium by increasing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin (CIP).

The study identified ESBL-producing E. coli isolates carrying bla CTX-M-15 and PMQR genes such as qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrB in human and domestic animal samples from villages, but no ESBL or PMQR genes were found in wildlife from Taï National Park.

The study identifies the oqxAB operon as a chromosomally encoded quinolone resistance determinant in Klebsiella pneumoniae and shows that its mobilization to plasmids leads to increased expression and resistance to quinolones, chloramphenicol, and olaquindox.

The paper discusses the various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, efflux pumps, and porin mutations. It highlights the role of specific genes such as bla TEM-24, bla CMY-10, ampC, aac (6')-Ib, aac (6')-Ib-cr, qnrA, qnrS, oqxAB, acrAB-TolC, mcr, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-30, bla CTX-M-15, bla NDM-1, bla VIM, bla KPC, and bla OXA-48 in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identifies the first plasmid carrying qnrD or oqxAB in Salmonella isolates in Taiwan, highlighting their role in quinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple PMQR genes, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and qnrS, as major contributors to ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella strains, along with beta-lactamase genes like bla CTX-M-65, bla CTX-M-55, bla CMY-2, and bla CMY-72. Target gene mutations in gyrA and parC were also observed, although many strains lacked these mutations.

The study identified various extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, and bla TEM-52, along with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes such as oqxAB, qnrS, qnrB, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr in Escherichia coli isolates from piglets with post-weaning diarrhea in Heilongjiang province, China.

The study identifies plasmid-mediated oqxAB as an important mechanism for nitrofurantoin resistance in Escherichia coli, demonstrating that the presence of oqxAB increases nitrofurantoin resistance and that its removal significantly reduces resistance.

The study identified ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates carrying aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and bla CTX-M-65 genes. Mutations in gyrA (S83F/D87N or S83F/D87G) and parC (T57S/S80R) were associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-14, and bla CTX-M-65 as the primary extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Salmonella isolates from food-producing animals in China. Additionally, aac(6')-Ib-cr and oqxAB were found to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including oqxAB, bla CTX-M, aac(6')-Ib-cr, floR, qnrS1, rmtB, fosA3, pcoA, and silE, on ST3-IncHI2 plasmids from E. coli isolates of food-producing animals, highlighting the co-spreading of metal and antibiotic resistance.

The study identified multiple extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-55, and blaSHV-2, as well as the AmpC β-lactamase gene blaDHA-1, in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from companion animals in Japan. Additionally, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes such as qnrS, qnrB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and oqxAB were detected, contributing to resistance against fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides.

The study identified several AMR genes in Gram-negative bacteria from fresh produce, including mcr-1, qnrA1, blaGES-11, mphA, and oqxAB, highlighting the presence of mobile genetic elements and clinically relevant resistance genes.

The study identifies the mcr-1 gene as a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene in PMQR-carrying ST34 Salmonella isolates from animals in China, along with other resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and floR.

The study identifies the mcr-1 gene in Salmonella isolates from pigs in China, highlighting its association with colistin resistance. Additionally, the study reports the presence of floR and oqxAB genes, which confer resistance to florfenicol and olaquindox/ciprofloxacin, respectively.

The study characterizes the oqxAB gene in E. coli isolates from various sources, highlighting its role in resistance to multiple antimicrobials and its dissemination through mobile elements like Tn6010 and IncHI2 plasmids.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in 11 multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including ESBL genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1B), fluoroquinolone resistance genes (oqxAB, qnrB), and others such as catA, catB, tet, sul, dfr, and fosA. These genes contribute to resistance against various antibiotics, highlighting the complex resistance profile of these isolates.

The paper discusses the characterization of various antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC cephalosporinases, carbapenemases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fosfomycin resistance genes, and tetracycline resistance genes. These genes confer resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, highlighting the complex nature of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli.

The study characterizes F33:A−:B− plasmids carrying various AMR genes such as bla(CTX-M-55), bla(CTX-M-65), fosA3, rmtB, and others in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from diverse sources in China.

The study identifies plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrB4, qnrA1, qnrB1, and oqxAB) in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 and ST307 clones, along with chromosomal mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies a novel conjugative helper plasmid that enables the transfer of non-conjugative ciprofloxacin resistance-encoding plasmids, facilitating the spread of ciprofloxacin resistance among Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae.

The study identifies the oqxAB and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes on the IncHI2 plasmid pHXY0908 as contributing to increased tolerance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium to ciprofloxacin through upregulation of efflux pump genes.

The study identified blaNDM genes as the primary cause of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from humans, pigs, chickens, and flies in rural China, highlighting the transmission of these resistance genes between humans and backyard animals.

The study characterized multidrug-resistant plasmids in uropathogenic E. coli, identifying genes such as blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and qnrB, which confer resistance to various antibiotics. These plasmids were found to be transmissible via conjugation, highlighting the role of IncF and IncI conjugation systems in the spread of resistance.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaSHV-11, blaTEM-1B, blaVEB-1, blaOXA-10, blaKPC-2, blaOXA-9, blaVIM-27, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-48), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA1, ant(2'')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, arr-2, aadA24, aph(3')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')Ib-cr, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(G)), trimethoprim resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA23), chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA1, catB4), and others.

The study identifies a novel multiple resistance plasmid in E. coli carrying three PMQR genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS2, and oqxAB) and describes a new surrounding genetic structure of qnrS2 flanked by IS26 elements.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from pregnant women in low-income countries, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains and the role of environmental factors in their carriage.

The study characterizes multidrug-resistant plasmids pA1705-qnrS, p911021-tetA, and p1642-tetA from Klebsiella pneumoniae, identifying several AMR genes including beta-lactamases (bla CTX-M-14, bla TEM-1, bla OXA-1, bla SHV-12, bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-65), quinolone resistance gene qnrS1, tetracycline resistance genes tetA (A) and tetA (D), aminoglycoside resistance genes aacA4cr and aacC2, streptomycin resistance genes strA and strB, dihydrofolate reductase genes dfrA1 and dfrA14, sulfonamide resistance gene sul2, macrolide resistance gene mph (A), efflux pump gene oqxAB, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene catB3, and tunicamycin resistance gene tmrB.

The study identifies several RND-type efflux pumps, including kexEF, kexC, acrAB, oqxAB, and eefAB, which confer resistance to various antimicrobial agents. Additionally, a deletion upstream of kexF was found to cause overexpression and increased resistance in K. pneumoniae mutants.

The study identified the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli from swine farms in China, highlighting the role of chromosomal mutations in gyrA, parC, parE, marR, and acrR, along with plasmid-mediated resistance genes qnrS, oqxAB, and aac(6')-Ib-cr.

The study identifies and characterizes the antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations associated with the high-risk Klebsiella pneumoniae clones ST307 and ST147, highlighting their global spread and the diversity of resistance mechanisms they employ.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla TEM, tet (A), and oqxAB, in Enterobacteriaceae from wild owls, highlighting the presence of resistance genes in natural ecosystems.

The study identifies multiple PMQR genes, including qnrS1, qnrS2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, qnrB6, and qnrB4, as key contributors to ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella. These genes are predominantly located on plasmids and transposable units, facilitating their spread among different Salmonella serotypes.

The study demonstrates the use of nanopore sequencing for rapid identification of pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence genes from simulated blood samples and positive blood cultures. It identified 39 antibiotic resistance genes and 77 virulence genes in a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, including blaKPC-2, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-65, rmtB, aadA, AAC(6')-IIb, baeR, mdtABC, acrAB, oqxAB, tet, H-NS, gyrA, and parC.

The study identified OXA-48 and NDM-1 as the most prevalent carbapenemase genes, and highlighted the role of AcrA/B and OqxAB efflux pumps in carbapenem resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in Iran.

The study identifies several genes and mutations contributing to ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella, including parC T57S, gyrA mutations, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes like oqxAB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrS.

The study identifies a conjugative plasmid p17ZR-91-Vir-KPC that encodes both carbapenem resistance and hypervirulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae, providing insight into the evolution of ST11 carbapenem-resistant and hypervirulent strains.

The study identifies that the soxS gene regulates antimicrobial resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae MGH78578, particularly affecting tetracycline resistance through the regulation of efflux pumps like acrAB-tolC and others.

The study identifies multiple beta-lactamase genes, including a novel CMY/ACT-type AmpC beta-lactamase and several metallo-beta-lactamases, as well as multidrug efflux pumps in Cedecea neteri, highlighting its resistance mechanisms against various antibiotics.

The study identified qnrA, qnrB, oqxAB, and blaTEM-1 genes in various bacterial isolates from bivalve mollusks, indicating the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and beta-lactam resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies and characterizes various AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-55, rmtB, oqxAB, blaTEM-1b, floR, tet(A), strA, strB, sul1, sul2, aac(3)-IId, aadA2, dfrA12, and aph(3′)-IIa, in a multidrug-resistant E. coli strain. These genes contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim.

The paper discusses various mechanisms of quinolone resistance, including the role of qnr genes, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and efflux pumps like oqxAB and qepA. It highlights the importance of these resistance mechanisms in clinical settings and their implications for public health.

The study identified several AMR genes including aac(69)-Ib-cr, oqxAB, sul2, tem, shv, ctx-m, and oxa in uropathogenic bacteria. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

The study characterizes mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of type-II topoisomerases in various Salmonella serovars, highlighting the role of GyrA, GyrB, ParC, and ParE mutations in conferring ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study found a high prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in E. coli from aquatic environments in Bangladesh, with qnrS being the most common. Other PMQR genes included aac(6')-lb-cr, oqxAB, qnrB, and qepA.

The study characterizes the first recognized outbreak of NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae in Portugal, highlighting the introduction of a new ST11 KL105 strain carrying blaNDM-1 in a unique genetic context. Several antibiotic resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, blaCTX-M-15, and others, were identified, along with chromosomal mutations conferring reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and fosfomycin.

The study shows that the plasmid-borne oqxAB gene alone does not confer significant ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium, but when co-expressed with aac(6')-Ib-cr, it leads to intermediate resistance. The truncated promoter region of oqxR in the plasmid-borne oqxABR locus results in constitutive expression of oqxAB, which contributes to ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex isolates from clinical dogs and cats in China, highlighting the presence of various AMR genes such as bla SHV, bla CTX-M, bla NDM-5, aac(6')Ib-cr, qnrB, qnrS, oqxAB, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ib, bla OXA, bla DHA, bla LEN, and bla OKP.

The study identified bla NDM-5 as a prevalent carbapenem resistance gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from goose farms in Hainan, China. Additionally, other resistance genes such as bla CTX-M, aadA, oqxAB, tet, and mcr-1 were also detected, highlighting the complex resistance profiles of these isolates.

The study identified 12 types of antibiotic resistance genes in 110 Salmonella isolates from duck farms in Shandong Province, China, including beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, macrolide, and quinolone resistance genes. The most prevalent resistance genes were blaTEM, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tetA. The study also found that class I integrons and plasmids play a significant role in the dissemination of these resistance genes.

The study identified a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Greek pigs, with a focus on resistance mechanisms involving bla CTX-M1/15, bla TEM, and bla SHV genes, as well as resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, and colistin.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations associated with third-generation cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella isolates from livestock meat and human diarrhea patients.

The study identified several AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from pigs, including blaCTX-M-15, aminoglycoside resistance genes, qnrS1, and mcr-1, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with potential implications for human health.

The study identifies the stability of clinically relevant ARGs carried by evolved plasmids, showing that their stability depends on antibiotic treatment conditions. Key genes include mcr-1, bla CTX-M-14, oqxAB, floR, and fosA3, which were consistently detected in evolved clones and correlate with resistance phenotypes.

The paper reviews the mechanisms of multidrug resistance in bacteria, focusing on resistance mechanisms such as beta-lactamases, vancomycin resistance genes, and other resistance determinants in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, and various aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, as well as mutations in mgrB, gyrA, parC, and porin genes associated with colistin and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from natural water sources in upper northeast Thailand, including mcr-1, mcr-8, mcr-9, bla oxa-48-like, aac(6')-bl-cr, qepA, and oqxAB, which confer resistance to polymyxin, carbapenem, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

The study characterizes a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 strain (KP411) isolated from poultry in the Brazilian Amazon, which carries several AMR genes including blaKPC-2, blaCTX-M-14, and others, highlighting the potential of food-producing animals as reservoirs of MDR clones.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-55, and others, along with additional resistance genes such as tet(A), qnrS1, and oqxAB, contributing to multidrug resistance in ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolated from stray dogs in Yangzhou, China.

The study identified various beta-lactamase genes including blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaOXA, blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaVIM, as well as qnr, aac(6')-Ib, aadA, ermB, mefA, tetA, and oqxAB, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from a hospital over five years.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae that contribute to resistance against carbapenems, ceftazidime/avibactam, tigecycline, and colistin. Key findings include the acquisition of blaKPC and blaNDM harboring plasmids, specific mutations in blaKPC, porin deficiencies (ompK35 and ompK36), overexpression of efflux pumps (acrAB, oqxAB), and mutations in rpsJ, ramR, tetA, mgrB, and pmrB.

Two carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae strains (PINH-4250 and PINH-4900) were recovered from the Pinheiros River, carrying the blaKPC-2 carbapenemase gene and other resistance determinants. They exhibited a broad resistome and hypervirulent behavior.

The study identified several beta-lactamase genes, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, bla CTX-M-130, bla CTX-M-27, and bla CMY-2, as well as other resistance genes such as qnrS1, qnrB6, mph(A), oqxAB, mcr-1.1, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, sul3, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3")-Ib, floR, drfA14, drfA1, and Inu(F), which contribute to cefotaxime resistance in Salmonella strains isolated from retail meat samples in Shenzhen, China.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Typhimurium ST34, including gyrA, parC, oqxAB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB, bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla OXA, mcr-1, and bla NDM-5, highlighting the high levels of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in this strain.

The study identifies mcr-1.1 as a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene and characterizes several chromosomal mutations in mgrB, arnT, pmrA, pmrB, pmrC, phoQ, and arnB that contribute to colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates from Egypt.

The study identifies several clinically important antibiotic resistance genes carried by IncF33 plasmids, including bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, fosA3, rmtB, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aph(3')-IIa, floR, oqxAB, tet(A), and sul2. These genes contribute to multidrug resistance in Enterobacterales, particularly in Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Klebsiella isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1, bla SHV, and bla OXA-1, which confer resistance to beta-lactams. Other genes like aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB1, qnrB6, catA1, catA2, catB3, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA27, sul1, sul2, mph(A), tet(A), tet(D), fosA, ARR-3, and oqxAB were also found, contributing to resistance against aminoglycosides, quinolones, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, macrolides, tetracycline, fosfomycin, rifampicin, and quinolones respectively. Mutations in ompK36, ompK37, and acrR were associated with resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, while mutations in RamR were linked to tigecycline resistance.

This review discusses the molecular basis of challenges to effective treatment of UPEC-associated urinary tract infections, focusing on virulence factors and antibiotic resistance mechanisms.

The study identified a pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (Kp196) with a complex resistome comprising numerous acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms, including multiple beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance proteins, and mutations in genes involved in colistin, tigecycline, and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies intrinsic resistance genes blaSHV-1, fosA, and oqxAB in the Klebsiella pneumoniae strain KpBSB53, along with potential mutations in acrR, ompK36, and ompK37 that may contribute to resistance.

TolC is required for antimicrobial resistance, capsule production, and virulence in K. pneumoniae. Mutations in tolC lead to increased susceptibility to multiple antibiotics and impair capsule production and biofilm formation.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from bulk tank milk, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines.

The study identified several aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from northern Jordan, including aac(6')-Ib, aac(3')-II, ant(3")-I, aph(3')-VI, armA, rmtB, qnrS, qnrB, oqxAB, and aac(6')-Ib-cr. These genes were significantly associated with non-susceptibility to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and beta-lactams.

The study characterizes the horizontal transfer of ColV plasmids in bla(CTX-M)-bearing avian E. coli, identifying multiple resistance genes and virulence factors associated with these plasmids.

The study identified 35 AMR genes and 30 chromosomal-mediated gene mutations in Salmonella strains from Bangkok canal water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to various antimicrobial classes.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 isolates, including bla NDM-5, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla OXA-232, bla OXA-48, aadA1, aph(3')-VI, bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B/C, bla OXA-9, truncated catA1, qnrS1, sul1, dfrA5, mph(A), erm(B), aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib3, sul2, aph(3')-Ia, rmtB, fosA, oqxAB, bla SHV-11/67, arr-3, and catB3.

The review discusses the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in pathotypes of E. coli, focusing on the role of beta-lactamases, carbapenemases, and other resistance genes. It highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to combat the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.

The paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of tigecycline resistance in Enterobacterales, highlighting the roles of efflux pumps, tet genes, and other resistance mechanisms. It identifies several tigecycline resistance genes, including tet(X), tet(X1), tet(X2), tet(X3), tet(X4), tet(M), tet(A), tet(B), tet(Y), and others, along with their associated resistance profiles.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from Guangdong, China, including gyrA mutations, PMQR genes, and various beta-lactamase genes, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae isolates from Ecuador, including bla KPC-3, bla OXA-9, aadA1, aac(6')-Ib-AKT, and mutations in ompK35, ompK36, ompK37, gyrA, parC, and acrR, contributing to resistance against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and other antibiotics.

The study characterizes the evolution of a large multidrug-resistant plasmid (pJXP9) in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium under varying antibiotic selection pressures, identifying several AMR genes and mutations that contribute to resistance and plasmid maintenance.

The study identifies the tet(M)-carrying transposon Tn7124 and plasmids pTA2 and pTA7 in E. coli isolates from swine, highlighting the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance genes such as tet(M), tet(A), floR, aadA1, cmlA1, aadA2, sul3, qnrS1, bleO, and oqxAB.

The study identifies the presence of bla(NDM-1), bla(SHV-12), bla(OKP-B-2), oqxAB, and fosA in the clinical strain ACESH00366hy of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae, highlighting its multidrug resistance profile.

The study identifies oqxAB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrS1 as key plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella. These genes contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance, with oqxAB and aac(6')-Ib-cr frequently co-occurring in strains. The role of efflux pumps and plasmid fusion in resistance dissemination is highlighted.

Multiple mutations in quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs), along with OqxAB and AcrAB efflux pumps, contribute to delafloxacin resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Specific mutations in gyrA and parC, as well as plasmid-encoded qnrS1, qnrB1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, were identified as key resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in K. pneumoniae isolates from Armenia, highlighting the presence of XDR and MDR strains with resistance to various antibiotics, including carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and quinolones.

This review highlights the pathogenesis, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance genes of Riemerella anatipestifer, emphasizing its significance in poultry farming and the need for further research on its resistance mechanisms.

The study identified a variety of antimicrobial resistance genes in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex isolates, including bla KPC−2, bla CTX−M, bla SHV, aac(6')-Ib, aadA1, aadA2, aph(3')-Ia, oqxAB, qnrB19, qnrS1, tet(A), tet(D), sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA1, floR, fosA, and fosA3. These genes confer resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance in these isolates.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX-M, and bla OXA families, as well as aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and sulfonamide resistance genes. Effluent isolates showed fewer resistance genes and lower resistance levels compared to clinical isolates.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations associated with colistin and carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter isolates, including beta-lactamases, fosfomycin resistance genes, and efflux pumps. Mutations in ompK35 were found to contribute to carbapenem resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes, including oqxAB, fosA, blaSHV, and mcr-8.1, in Klebsiella spp. isolates from clinically ill animals. These genes conferred resistance to quinolones, phenicols, fosfomycin, beta-lactams, and colistin, respectively.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes and mutations in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from Shandong Province and adjacent regions in China, highlighting the high prevalence of multidrug resistance and the presence of specific resistance mechanisms such as beta-lactamases, tetracycline resistance genes, and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations.

The study identified genomic resistance elements in historical clinical isolates, showing that resistance to antibiotics existed before their clinical introduction and increased in frequency and mobility after the age of antibiotics.

The study characterizes the dissemination of colistin resistance genes mcr-9 and mcr-10 across diverse Inc plasmid backbones in Enterobacter species, highlighting their co-occurrence with other resistance genes and their global distribution.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with mastitis, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, aphA3, aacA-aphD, aadD, ermA, msrA, mphC, lnuB, and vanA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and glycopeptides.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli from poultry and other food-producing animals in China, highlighting the prevalence of beta-lactamases, tetracycline resistance genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.

The paper reviews molecular resistance mechanisms to newly approved antibiotics in WHO priority pathogens, identifying various beta-lactamases, efflux pumps, and target site modifications that confer resistance.