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parE

NCBI Pathogen Isolates
Bacterial genomes carrying this gene
NCBI Reference Gene Catalog
Known alleles and reference sequences
AMR Rules
Browse AMR rules for parE
Validation StatusCandidate

Overview

Papers
22
Mutations
43

Mutations

Protein ChangeNucleotide ChangeMechanismOrganismResistance ToDatabaseValidation Status
I470M-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
S474N--Haemophilus influenzae
fluoroquinolones
Reslit
Candidate
L416F-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
D476N-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
L445H-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
I444F
ATA -> TTC
Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacinnorfloxacin|ciprofloxacin
ResFinderReslit
Confirmed
S458T
TCA -> ACC
Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacinnorfloxacin|ciprofloxacin
ResFinderReslit
Confirmed
I529L
A529C
Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacinnorfloxacin|ciprofloxacin
ResFinderReslit
Confirmed
I355T-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
P439S-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
S458A-Target modificationEscherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacinfluoroquinolones
ResFinderReslit
Confirmed
G423R-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
E460D-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
I464F-Target modificationEscherichia coli
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
ResFinder
Established
D435N--Streptococcus pneumoniae
levofloxacin|clinafloxacinciprofloxacin|garenoxacin|sparfloxacin|trovafloxacinfluoroquinolones+1 more
Reslit
Supported
P454S--Streptococcus pneumoniae
clinafloxacin|ciprofloxacin|trovafloxacinfluoroquinolones
Reslit
Candidate
P454A--Streptococcus pneumoniae
clinafloxacin|ciprofloxacin|trovafloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
P454H--Streptococcus pneumoniae
clinafloxacin|ciprofloxacin|trovafloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
D72G--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
D87N--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
I460V
A1380G
-Streptococcus pneumoniae
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin|sparfloxacin|trovafloxacinmoxifloxacin|levofloxacin|gemifloxacinfluoroquinolones
Reslit
Supported
D87H--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
D87G--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
A67S--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
S468F--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
E470D--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
S468Y--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
P394R--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
D87Y--Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Reslit
Candidate
S458P--Salmonella enterica, Salmonella
ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acidciprofloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
E474K--Streptococcus pneumoniae
fluoroquinolones
Reslit
Candidate
V461G--Salmonella enterica
ciprofloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
I460N--Streptococcus pneumoniae
moxifloxacin|levofloxacin|gemifloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
V461I--Streptococcus pneumoniae
moxifloxacin|levofloxacin|gemifloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
D420N--Haemophilus influenzae
fluoroquinolones
Reslit
Candidate
-
A1258G
-Salmonella enterica
fluoroquinolones
Reslit
Candidate
-
C1246A
-Salmonella enterica
fluoroquinolones
Reslit
Candidate
-
C1246T
-Salmonella enterica
fluoroquinolones
Reslit
Candidate
H103Y
CAT->TAT
-Streptococcus pneumoniae
moxifloxacin|sparfloxacin|grepafloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
-
G1258A
-Salmonella enterica
fluoroquinolones
Reslit
Candidate
-
G1380A
-Escherichia coli
ciprofloxacin|norfloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
-
G13A
-Staphylococcus aureus
premafloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
D475E
T477A
-Escherichia coli
norfloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Reslit
Candidate
Papers22
1

Prevalence of quinolone resistance mechanisms and associations to minimum inhibitory concentrations in quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from humans and swine in Denmark.

PMID 18500921 · 2008

Unknown phenotype if I470M occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Unknown phenotype if P439S occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Unknown phenotype if G423R occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Mutation Information

parE: p.I470MparE: p.P439SparE: p.G423R
Protein Change
I470M, P439S, G423R
Organisms
Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function
Target modification
Source Database
ResFinder
2

Bactericidal activity of besifloxacin against staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.

PMID 20435780 · 2010

Mutation Information

parE: p.S474NparE: p.D420NparE: p.S458A
Protein Change
S474N, D420N, S458A
Organisms
Haemophilus influenzae
Confers Resistance To
fluoroquinolones
Source Database
Reslit
3

Patterns of mutations in target genes in septicemia isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with resistance or reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

PMID 14510643 · 2003

Unknown phenotype if L416F occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Unknown phenotype if E460D occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Unknown phenotype if I464F occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Mutation Information

parE: p.L416FparE: p.E460DparE: p.I464F
Protein Change
L416F, E460D, I464F
Organisms
Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function
Target modification
Source Database
ResFinder
4

Characterisation of novel mutations involved in quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from imported shrimp.

PMID 25631675 · 2015

Unknown phenotype if D476N occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Mutation Information

parE: p.D476N
Protein Change
D476N
Organisms
Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function
Target modification
Source Database
ResFinder
5

Quinolone resistance locus nfxD of Escherichia coli is a mutant allele of the parE gene encoding a subunit of topoisomerase IV.

PMID 8980775 · 1997

Mutation Information

parE: p.L445H
Protein Change
L445H
Organisms
Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function
Target modification
Source Database
ResFinder
6

Mutation rate and evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from patients with urinary tract infections.

PMID 14506034 · 2003

Unknown phenotype if I444F occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Unknown phenotype if I529L occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations.

Unknown phenotype if S458T or S458A occur alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Mutation Information

parE: p.I444FparE: p.I529LparE: p.S458TparE: p.S458AparE: p.D475E / c.T477A
Protein Change
I444F, I529L, S458T, S458A, D475E
Nucleotide Change
T477A
Organisms
Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacinnorfloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function
Target modification
Source Database
ResFinderReslit
7

Avoiding perforation during endodontic access.

PMID 285982 · 1979

Unknown phenotype if S458T or S458A occur alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458TparE: p.S458A
Protein Change
S458T, S458A
Organisms
Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function
Target modification
Source Database
ResFinder
8

Prevalence and Mechanism of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine Feces in Korea.

PMID 28598203 · 2017

Unknown phenotype if I355T occurs alone. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance when associated with gyrA mutations

Mutation Information

parE: p.I355T
Protein Change
I355T
Organisms
Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To
Nalidixic acid,Ciprofloxacin
Effect on Function
Target modification
Source Database
ResFinder
9

Activities of clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and trovafloxacin against recent clinical isolates of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 11036007 · 2000

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435N
Protein Change
D435N
Organisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To
levofloxacin|clinafloxacin
Source Database
Reslit
10

In vitro selection of resistance to clinafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trovafloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 10991854 · 2000

Mutation Information

parE: p.P454SparE: p.P454AparE: p.P454H
Protein Change
P454S, P454A, P454H
Organisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To
clinafloxacin|ciprofloxacin|trovafloxacin
Source Database
Reslit
11

Selection of cross-resistance following exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to ciprofloxacin or cefepime.

PMID 15917569 · 2005

Mutation Information

parE: p.D72GparE: p.D87NparE: p.D87HparE: p.D87GparE: p.A67SparE: p.S468FparE: p.E470DparE: p.S468YparE: p.P394RparE: p.D87Y
Protein Change
D72G, D87N, D87H, D87G, A67S, S468F, E470D, S468Y, P394R, D87Y
Organisms
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Confers Resistance To
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin
Source Database
Reslit
12

Activities of garenoxacin against quinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in vitro and in a mouse pneumonia model.

PMID 14982762 · 2004

Mutation in parE leads to quinolone resistance

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460VparE: p.D435N
Protein Change
I460V, D435N
Organisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To
ciprofloxacin|garenoxacin|sparfloxacin|trovafloxacin
Source Database
Reslit
13

Horizontal transfer of fluoroquinolone resistance genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae

PMID 16189113 · 2003

Mutations in parE are associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: p.P454SparE: p.D435NparE: p.E474K
Protein Change
P454S, D435N, E474K
Organisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To
fluoroquinolones
Source Database
Reslit
14

Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella sp. in carcasses.

PMID 17080579 · 2006

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458P
Protein Change
S458P
Organisms
Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To
ciprofloxacin|nalidixic acid
Source Database
Reslit
15

Analysis of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella strains from swine, chicken, and their carcasses in Taiwan and detection of parC resistance mutations by a mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR.

PMID 19205458 · 2009

Mutation Information

parE: p.S458P
Protein Change
S458P
Organisms
Salmonella
Confers Resistance To
ciprofloxacin
Source Database
Reslit
16

Comparative study of the mutant prevention concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and gemifloxacin against pneumococci.

PMID 20008781 · 2010

mutations in quinolone resistance-determining region associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones

Mutation Information

parE: p.D435NparE: p.I460VparE: p.I460NparE: p.V461I
Protein Change
D435N, I460V, I460N, V461I
Organisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To
moxifloxacin|levofloxacin|gemifloxacin
Source Database
Reslit
17

Multiple regulatory pathways associated with high-level ciprofloxacin and multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis: involvement of ramA and other global regulators.

PMID 19104017 · 2009

Novel mutation in 5408-cip.

Mutation Information

parE: p.V461G
Protein Change
V461G
Organisms
Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To
ciprofloxacin
Source Database
Reslit
18

A multiplex single nucleotide polymorphism typing assay for detecting mutations that result in decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A.

PMID 20511368 · 2010

Mutations in parE are associated with decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility.

Mutation Information

parE: c.A1258GparE: c.C1246AparE: c.C1246TparE: c.G1258A
Nucleotide Change
A1258G, C1246A, C1246T, G1258A
Organisms
Salmonella enterica
Confers Resistance To
fluoroquinolones
Source Database
Reslit
19

In vitro activity of DC-159a, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, compared with that of other agents against drug-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci.

PMID 17938189 · 2008

Mutation detected in quinolone-resistant strains

Mutation Information

parE: p.I460V / c.A1380G
Protein Change
I460V
Nucleotide Change
A1380G
Organisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To
fluoroquinolones
Source Database
Reslit
20

ATP-bound conformation of topoisomerase IV: a possible target for quinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID 14526026 · 2003

The His103Tyr mutation was found to confer resistance to fluoroquinolones when associated with a mutation in the QRDR of GyrA.

Mutation Information

parE: p.H103Y / c.CAT->TAT
Protein Change
H103Y
Nucleotide Change
CAT->TAT
Organisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Confers Resistance To
moxifloxacin|sparfloxacin|grepafloxacin
Source Database
Reslit
21

Mechanisms accounting for fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli clinical isolates.

PMID 18838592 · 2009

Mutation Information

parE: c.G1380A
Nucleotide Change
G1380A
Organisms
Escherichia coli
Confers Resistance To
ciprofloxacin|norfloxacin
Source Database
Reslit
22

Quinolone resistance due to reduced target enzyme expression.

PMID 14617652 · 2003

The mutation reduces the expression of ParE, leading to quinolone resistance.

Mutation Information

parE: c.G13A
Nucleotide Change
G13A
Organisms
Staphylococcus aureus
Confers Resistance To
premafloxacin|ciprofloxacin
Source Database
Reslit