The study identifies the rmtB gene, which confers resistance to aminoglycosides through methylation of G1405 in 16S rRNA, and the qepA gene, which mediates resistance to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones via efflux.

The study identifies the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance pump QepA2 in an Escherichia coli isolate from France, demonstrating its role in reducing susceptibility to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones.

The study identified the high prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals in China.

The paper discusses plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms, focusing on qnr genes and other resistance determinants like aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and qepA. These genes confer low-level resistance to quinolones, facilitating the selection of higher-level resistant mutants.

The study identifies quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli from Accra, Ghana, through mutations in gyrA and parC, as well as horizontally acquired genes qnrS1, qnrB1, qnrB2, and qepA.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in a multidrug-resistant E. coli strain, including blaNDM-1, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, and others, along with chromosomal mutations in gyrA, parC, ompC, and ompF contributing to resistance.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

This paper characterizes several beta-lactamases, including TEM-1, SHV-1, CTX-M-15, and NDM-1, which confer resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics. It also identifies erm(B) and mef(A) as mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance. Additionally, aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib are noted for aminoglycoside resistance, while catA1 and floR contribute to chloramphenicol resistance. The vanA gene is associated with glycopeptide resistance, and mcr-1 is linked to polymyxin resistance.

The paper discusses plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms, including Qnr proteins, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, and the efflux pumps QepA and OqxAB. These genes contribute to low-level resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones, and their presence in various bacterial species highlights the role of environmental and animal reservoirs in the dissemination of PMQR.

The study identifies the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrA1, qnrB1, qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA4 in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from Egypt, highlighting their association with CTX-M genes.

The study identified plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS, and qepA, along with novel mutations in topoisomerase genes gyrA, parC, and parE contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from companion animals.

The study identified rmtB and qepA as prevalent AMR genes in E. coli isolates from diseased animals in China, with rmtB associated with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides and qepA linked to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies a multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain WJ66 with resistance genes aadA2, qepA, and QnrB, along with mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study reports the first isolation of NDM-1-producing multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas putida from a pediatric case of acute gastroenteritis in India, highlighting the presence of multiple AMR genes and mutations contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes such as qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA, along with beta-lactamase-encoding genes like blaTEM, blaPSE-1, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from humans, a companion animal, and food in Romania.

The study identified various extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, including bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-55, bla CTX-M-65, and bla TEM-52, along with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes such as oqxAB, qnrS, qnrB, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr in Escherichia coli isolates from piglets with post-weaning diarrhea in Heilongjiang province, China.

The study characterizes the genetic structures of the qepA3 gene in Enterobacteriaceae isolates, identifying associated resistance genes such as blaCTX-M-14, blaTEM-12, and rmtB, which contribute to multidrug resistance.

The study identifies a novel qepA3 variant in Enterobacter aerogenes, which contributes to quinolone resistance.

The study identified a high prevalence of β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from dogs in Shaanxi, China. Key genes included bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1, bla SHV-12, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, along with other β-lactamase and PMQR genes.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from river water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant and extraintestinal pathogenic strains. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, aac(3)-IId, qnrB7, and others.

The study identified qepA and aac-(6')-Ib as dominant plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in aquatic environments in China, highlighting their significant contribution to quinolone resistance and their potential co-occurrence with β-lactam resistance genes.

The study identifies and characterizes the novel qepA4 gene variant in a clinical Escherichia coli isolate, demonstrating its role in fluoroquinolone resistance through efflux pump activity.

The study reports the first detection of a novel qepA variant, qepA4, in quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli from aquatic environments in Bangladesh.

The study identified the presence of ESBL genes (SHV, TEM, CTX-M) and PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qepA, oqxB) in Klebsiella pneumonia, Morganella morganii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, and Citrobacter freundii isolated from poultry in South Western Nigeria.

The paper discusses the characterization of various antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC cephalosporinases, carbapenemases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fosfomycin resistance genes, and tetracycline resistance genes. These genes confer resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, highlighting the complex nature of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli.

The study identifies plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMFQR) genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA, oqxB, qepA, and various qnr alleles in pediatric Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting the role of community environments in the spread of these resistant strains.

The study predicts antibiotic resistance in E. coli using machine learning models trained on pan-genome data, identifying key resistance genes such as bla-CTX-M, ampC, dfrA, qep, and oxa.

The study developed and validated 85 PCR assays to detect 79 AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance across 10 antimicrobial classes, focusing on E. coli. The assays showed high concordance with sequencing and phenotypic susceptibility testing, demonstrating their potential for AMR surveillance in E. coli isolates and direct stool specimens.

The study reports an outbreak of NDM-5-producing E. coli ST361 in a South Korean hospital, highlighting the multidrug-resistant nature of these isolates and the presence of additional resistance genes such as qepA, blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-15, and aac(6')-Ib-cr.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas sp. isolates from water sources, including blaGES, qnrS, qepA, tetB, aac(3')-IIa, and ant(2'')-Ia, which confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates, including beta-lactamases (blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, blaOXA, blaCMY), phenicol resistance genes (catB3, cmlA1, floR, catA1, catA2, oqxA, oqxB), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA2, qepA1, qnrS1), sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, dfrA7), and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(M)).

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in Vibrio cholerae isolates, including blaTEM, NDM-1, AmpC, and ESBL, indicating multidrug resistance in environmental V. cholerae.

The study identified several AMR genes in UPEC isolates, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, gyrA, parC, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA, which confer resistance to beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Multidrug-resistant isolates were also found.

The study identified high levels of quinolone resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates from Baghdad, primarily due to mutations in gyrA and parC, along with the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes such as aac(6')-Ib, qnrB, qnrS, and qepA.

The qepA1 gene is induced under antibiotic exposure and is driven by the PcW TGN−10 promoter within a class I integron. The segment within the integron belonging to a truncated dfrB4 gene is essential for qepA1 expression regulation.

The study identified the presence of plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, including qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, and qepA, in enteric bacteria from human and animal sources in Delta State, Nigeria. PMQR was more prevalent in animal-derived isolates compared to human-derived ones.

The study identified bla CTX-M, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB, and qepA as the primary AMR genes in MDR E. coli isolates from poultry and domestic pigs in Tanzania.

The study identifies and characterizes plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes including qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA, demonstrating their transferability among enteric bacteria through conjugation and transformation.

The study reports the high prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and integrons among clinical Escherichia coli isolates in Mansoura City, Egypt. The most prevalent PMQR genes were oqxAB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrS.

The paper discusses various mechanisms of quinolone resistance, including the role of qnr genes, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and efflux pumps like oqxAB and qepA. It highlights the importance of these resistance mechanisms in clinical settings and their implications for public health.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations contributing to ciprofloxacin and tigecycline resistance in XDR Salmonella enterica isolates, including qepA, qnrS, qnrA, tet(A), and gyrA mutations. Overexpression of ramA was also linked to resistance.

The study found a high prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in E. coli from aquatic environments in Bangladesh, with qnrS being the most common. Other PMQR genes included aac(6')-lb-cr, oqxAB, qnrB, and qepA.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from pig farms in China, including ESBL genes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, carbapenem resistance genes, and colistin resistance genes. It highlights the widespread presence of these resistance mechanisms and their potential to spread to human pathogens.

The study identified 102 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil microbiota of the southwestern highlands of Saudi Arabia, primarily associated with multidrug resistance, macrolide, tetracycline, glycopeptide, bacitracin, and beta-lactam antibiotic resistance. qPCR confirmed the detection of 18 clinically important ARGs.

The study identified four variants of bla CTX-M (CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55, CTX-M-64, and CTX-M-65) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from livestock and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Other AMR genes such as bla TEM-1b, aac 3-IId, qnr S1, and sul 2 were also characterized.

The study identified four variants of bla CTX-M (CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55, CTX-M-64, and CTX-M-65) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from livestock and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Other AMR genes such as bla TEM-1b, aac 3-IId, qnr S1, and sul 2 were also characterized.

The study identified four variants of bla CTX-M (CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55, CTX-M-64, and CTX-M-65) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from livestock and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Other AMR genes such as bla TEM-1b, aac 3-IId, qnr S1, and sul 2 were also characterized.

The study identifies the multidrug-resistance gene cfr for the first time in Salmonella, highlighting the expansion of the cfr reservoir and potential horizontal spread to other bacteria. It also detects various AMR genes such as floR, sul2, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3”)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(6')-Ib-cr, bla CMY−2, bla TEM−1, qnrS1, erm(B), mph(E), msr(E), qepA8, arr-3, sul1, dfrA12, dfrA27, tet(A), tet(D), catB3, aadA16, aac(3)-IV, aph(4)-Ia, aadA2, and fosA7.

The study identified several AMR genes in multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-2, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aad A5, ant(2′′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-VI, aph(6)-Id, ermB, ermD, fosA3, fosA7, mdtM, emrD, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, tetM, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA82, dfrB4, qepA, qepA1, qepA2, qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, qacE, catA1, catA2, catB3, cmlA1, mphA.

The study identified several AMR genes in multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-2, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aad A5, ant(2′′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-VI, aph(6)-Id, ermB, ermD, fosA3, fosA7, mdtM, emrD, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, tetM, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA82, dfrB4, qepA, qepA1, qepA2, qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, qacE, catA1, catA2, catB3, cmlA1, mphA.

The study identified several AMR genes in multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-2, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aad A5, ant(2′′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-VI, aph(6)-Id, ermB, ermD, fosA3, fosA7, mdtM, emrD, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, tetM, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA82, dfrB4, qepA, qepA1, qepA2, qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, qacE, catA1, catA2, catB3, cmlA1, mphA.

The study identified several AMR genes in multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-2, bla CMY-2, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aad A5, ant(2′′)-Ia, aph(3′′)-Ib, aph(3′′)-VI, aph(6)-Id, ermB, ermD, fosA3, fosA7, mdtM, emrD, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, tetM, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA82, dfrB4, qepA, qepA1, qepA2, qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, qacE, catA1, catA2, catB3, cmlA1, mphA.

The study identifies the presence of bla CMY−2, qnrS1, and qepA8 genes on an IncA/C plasmid in a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson isolate from a ready-to-eat pork product in China, highlighting the role of conjugative plasmids in the spread of extended-spectrum cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies numerous AMR genes in Mycobacteroides abscessus complex, highlighting the widespread presence of resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, and others. Key findings include the detection of beta-lactamases like blaLAP-1 and blaTLA-2, 23S rRNA methyltransferases such as erm(33), erm(43), and erm(44), and various aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Additionally, vancomycin resistance genes like vanA, vanB, and vanC were identified, along with efflux pump genes contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified bla KPC-2, bla GES, bla NDM-1, and bla IMP as the main carbapenemase genes in CRKP isolates. Additionally, various ESBL genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and PMQR genes were detected.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from natural water sources in upper northeast Thailand, including mcr-1, mcr-8, mcr-9, bla oxa-48-like, aac(6')-bl-cr, qepA, and oqxAB, which confer resistance to polymyxin, carbapenem, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

The study identified the presence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains in irrigation water, discarded melons, and packing facilities in a Honeydew melon farm in Hermosillo, Sonora. The most prevalent ESBL gene was bla TEM, and non-ESBL genes qepA and aac(6')-lb-cr were also detected.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in bloodstream E. coli isolates from South-West Nigeria, including bla CTX-M-15, dfrA, dfrB, and various quinolone resistance genes. Mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE were also associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrS, qnrD, qnrB, qnrA, qepA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrC) and target site mutations in gyrA (S83I) and parC (S129A, A141V) as key mechanisms of ciprofloxacin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Iran.

The study identified plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB, qnrS, and qepA, in Ciprofloxacin non-susceptible Escherichia coli and Klebsiella isolates from children in Kenya. The qepA gene was reported for the first time in clinical isolates in Kenya.

The study identifies the plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone efflux pump QepA in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in Mexico, highlighting its role in fluoroquinolone resistance and its genetic context involving IS 26 sequences.

The study found that twice-daily rifaximin prophylaxis significantly increased antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) abundance in the gut microbiome, while other treatment groups showed no significant changes. Several ARGs, including blaTEM-1, mdtM, sul2, aph(6)-Id, aph(3")-Ib, erm(B), mph(A), qepA4, qnrB19, qnrS1, and arr, were identified in E. coli isolates from the TrEAT TD cohort.

The review discusses the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in pathotypes of E. coli, focusing on the role of beta-lactamases, carbapenemases, and other resistance genes. It highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to combat the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.

Low-dose ozone nanobubble treatments increased the relative abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in pond water, particularly those associated with efflux pumps and beta-lactam resistance.

This study reports the first occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Campylobacter coli isolates in Tunisia and globally. The PMQR genes qnrB, qnrS, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr were detected in a significant proportion of isolates, highlighting the emergence of these resistance mechanisms in C. coli.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from patients and the hospital environment, including bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-1, and various aminoglycoside, macrolide, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim resistance genes. Additionally, PMQR genes like qnrS1, qnrB19, qnrB4, and qepA4 were detected, contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain, including blaTEM, ermA, ermB, aadA1, qnrS, qepA, oqxA, tetA, tetB, and tetC, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and tetracyclines. The combination of matrine and berberine hydrochloride showed synergistic antibacterial effects against this strain.

The study identifies the IncC plasmid as a major driver of co-resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and azithromycin in Salmonella Thompson isolates in China, with specific resistance genes including qnrS1, qepA4, blaCMY-2, and mph(A).

The study identifies the IncC plasmid as a major driver of co-resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and azithromycin in Salmonella Thompson isolates in China, with specific resistance genes including qnrS1, qepA4, blaCMY-2, and mph(A).

The study detected the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes (ermC, amp, QEP, marA, and qEmarA) in all water samples analyzed, highlighting the widespread dissemination of resistance factors in drinking water.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in microbial communities from the Oder river water and sediment, including blaTEM-116, erm(F), otr(C), ole(C), oqxB, dfrB3, tcr3, otr(A), vat(F), mph(E), srmB, and qepA4. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies mutations in GyrA and ParC genes, along with PMQR genes such as qnrS, qnrB, and qepA, as major contributors to levofloxacin resistance in UPEC strains in Central Inner Mongolia, China.

The study identifies several AMR genes and mutations in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with mastitis, including blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, aphA3, aacA-aphD, aadD, ermA, msrA, mphC, lnuB, and vanA, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and glycopeptides.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli from poultry and other food-producing animals in China, highlighting the prevalence of beta-lactamases, tetracycline resistance genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, quinolone resistance genes, and sulfonamide resistance genes.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Chinese S. Montevideo isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM−1B, bla OXA−1, bla LAP−2, bla CTX−M−55, bla CTX−M−65, bla DHA−1), quinolone resistance genes (qnrS2, qnrS1, qnrA1, qnrB6, qnrB4, qepA1), macrolide resistance genes (mphA, mphE, msrE, mphB), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetD, tetB), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, dfrA14, dfrA12, dfrA27, sul3), and chloramphenicol resistance genes (floR, catA2, catB3).