The study identifies qnrD, a novel plasmid-encoded gene that confers transferable quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Kentucky and Bovismorbificans.

The paper discusses plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms, including Qnr proteins, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, and the efflux pumps QepA and OqxAB. These genes contribute to low-level resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones, and their presence in various bacterial species highlights the role of environmental and animal reservoirs in the dissemination of PMQR.

The study identifies the emergence of Proteus mirabilis isolates harboring blaKPC-2 and qnrD, highlighting the role of chromosomal mutations in quinolone resistance and plasmid-mediated carbapenem resistance.

The study identifies qnrD as a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene found in small non-transmissible plasmids in Proteeae isolates, highlighting its potential for mobilization via mobile insertion cassette (mic) elements.

The study identified a novel plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrD2, in Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar. This gene was functionally characterized and showed resistance to quinolones.

The study identified bla TEM and aph A1 genes in an antibiotic-resistant Proteus mirabilis strain and a qnr D gene in a plasmid of another resistant strain, demonstrating their roles in conferring resistance to beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, and quinolone antibiotics.

The study reports the first detection of the qnrD gene in Morganella morganii in Tunisia, along with two novel gyrB mutations (S463A, S464Y) and one parC mutation (S80I) contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identifies plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) alleles qnrS1, qnrD1, and qnrB, as well as beta-lactamase genes blaSHV-12, blaTEM-52, blaCTX-M-14, and blaCTX-M-15 in Salmonella enterica isolates from Belgium. It also reports chromosomal mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified a diverse array of antibiotic resistance genes in a polluted lake in India, including sul2, qnrD, aph(6)-Id, aph(3′)-Ib, CMY2, qnrS, ant(3′)-Ia, dfrB1/dfrB5/dfrB6/dfrB8, GES, ere(A)/ere(C), qnrC, mph(E), dfrA1/dfrA15/dfrA25/dfrA30, erm(F), ant(2′)-Ia, cmlA, and tet(39). These genes conferred resistance to various classes of antibiotics, highlighting the significant presence of resistance mechanisms in the polluted environment.

The study identifies the first plasmid carrying qnrD or oqxAB in Salmonella isolates in Taiwan, highlighting their role in quinolone resistance.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated resistance genes in fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrD, oqx A, blaTEM, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, tet(A), tet(K), tet(L), and tet(S). These genes were found to confer resistance to fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant Morganella morganii isolate carrying the qnrD1 gene, along with various other antibiotic resistance genes such as aadA1y, aph(3')-Ic, strA-strB, blaOXA-1, catA2, catB3, sul2, dfrA1, tetY, and sat2.

The study identified a high prevalence of β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from dogs in Shaanxi, China. Key genes included bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1, bla SHV-12, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, along with other β-lactamase and PMQR genes.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from river water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant and extraintestinal pathogenic strains. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, aac(3)-IId, qnrB7, and others.

The study identified qnrB, qnrS, qnrD, and aac(6')-Ib genes as contributors to quinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. isolates from Brazil, highlighting the role of plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMFQR) genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxA, oqxB, qepA, and various qnr alleles in pediatric Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting the role of community environments in the spread of these resistant strains.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Riemerella anatipestifer, including aac(6')-Ib, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac(3')-IIc, aac(3')-IV, aph(3')-VII, aph(2')-Ib, bla TEM, bla OXA, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, sul3, cat2, cmlA, floR, emrF, qnrS, and qnrD. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies multiple plasmid-mediated resistance genes in Salmonella enterica serotypes from swine in the United States, including qnrB19, qnrB2, qnrB15, qnrD, qnrS1, qnrS2, aac(6')-Ib-cr, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-27, and bla SHV-12, which confer resistance to quinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

The study identified carbapenem-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carrying bla KPC−2, aac(3')-Ia, aac(6')-Ib, ANT(3')-Ia, rmtB, rmtC, qnrB, qnrS, oqxA, bla SHV−11, bla CTX−M−2 group, bla CTX−M−9 group, bla TEM−1, bla CMY−2, and bla DHA genes, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from urinary tract infections in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria, including blaTEM, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV, blaOXA-1, blaCMY-2, qnrD, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib, and aacC2. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the complexity of multidrug resistance in these isolates.

The study identified 24 different antimicrobial-resistance determinants in Gallibacterium anatis isolates from calves with unresponsive bronchopneumonia, including novel resistance genes such as aadA23, blaCARB-8, tet(Y), and qnrD1.

Two Colombian clinical Providencia rettgeri isolates co-harboring NDM-1, VIM-2, and other β-lactamases were characterized. The isolates exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in plasmidomes from global sewage samples, highlighting the prevalence of macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B, and quinolone resistance genes on plasmids.

The study identifies several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in plasmidomes from global sewage samples, highlighting the prevalence of macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B, and quinolone resistance genes on plasmids.

The study identifies several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in plasmidomes from global sewage samples, highlighting the prevalence of macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B, and quinolone resistance genes on plasmids.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from Malaysia, including aac(6')-ly, blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1, blaTEM-33, blaTEM-4, dfrA14, dfrA15, floR, qnrS1, qnrD1, sul1, sul2, strA, strB, tetA, and tetC. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as gentamicin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethazine/trimethoprim, and tetracycline.

The study characterizes mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of type-II topoisomerases in various Salmonella serovars, highlighting the role of GyrA, GyrB, ParC, and ParE mutations in conferring ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identifies qnrD as a gene that is SOS-regulated and can be induced by aminoglycosides, leading to increased resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli.

The study identifies multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from pig farms in China, including ESBL genes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, carbapenem resistance genes, and colistin resistance genes. It highlights the widespread presence of these resistance mechanisms and their potential to spread to human pathogens.

The study identified aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrD as the most prevalent fluoroquinolone resistance genes in E. coli isolates from the Ho Teaching Hospital, Ghana.

The study characterizes antibiotic resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from bovine animals and the environment in Nigeria, identifying several beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, qnr, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and trimethoprim resistance genes, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains.

The study identified 16 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in silage samples, highlighting their potential to spread through the food chain and contribute to antimicrobial resistance.

This study characterizes four groups of chromosome-borne accessory genetic elements (AGEs) in Providencia, highlighting the diversity and complexity of multidrug resistance (MDR) regions within these elements. It identifies numerous drug resistance genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, tetracycline resistance genes, and others, contributing to the understanding of AMR mechanisms in Providencia.

The study identified 102 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil microbiota of the southwestern highlands of Saudi Arabia, primarily associated with multidrug resistance, macrolide, tetracycline, glycopeptide, bacitracin, and beta-lactam antibiotic resistance. qPCR confirmed the detection of 18 clinically important ARGs.

The study identified plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, specifically qnrS, qnrA, and qnrD, in quinolone-susceptible Aeromonas spp. isolates from a freshwater reservoir. These genes were detected in 42% of the isolates, highlighting the potential for resistance gene dissemination in aquatic environments.

The study identified 12 types of antibiotic resistance genes in 110 Salmonella isolates from duck farms in Shandong Province, China, including beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, macrolide, and quinolone resistance genes. The most prevalent resistance genes were blaTEM, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tetA. The study also found that class I integrons and plasmids play a significant role in the dissemination of these resistance genes.

The study identifies the qnrD gene on a plasmid that enhances biofilm formation and promotes genetic rearrangements in class 1 integrons in E. coli, contributing to antibiotic resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in humans and food-producing animals in Brazil, including novel carbapenemase-encoding genes such as blaAIM-1, blaCAM-1, blaGIM-2, and blaHMB-1, which were not previously reported in Latin America. Other significant ARGs included aac(6')-Ib-cr, ermF, ermB, ermG, tetO, tetQ, tetW, qnrB10, qnrB19, qnrD1, and crpP.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes in clinical multidrug-resistant Proteus isolates, including bla CTX-M-65, bla OXA-1, bla KPC-2, bla NDM-1, and others, highlighting the genetic diversity of mobile genetic elements carrying resistance genes.

The paper discusses the role of qnr genes in mediating low-level quinolone resistance in aquatic environments and their potential contribution to high-level resistance when combined with chromosomal mutations or efflux pumps.

The study identifies qnrD3 on Col3M plasmids in Proteus mirabilis isolates from hospital wastewater in Nigeria, indicating low-level fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrS, qnrD, qnrB, qnrA, qepA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrC) and target site mutations in gyrA (S83I) and parC (S129A, A141V) as key mechanisms of ciprofloxacin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Iran.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Alcaligenes sp. strain MMA, including those conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, penams, and macrolides. Additionally, the strain exhibited resistance to multiple heavy metals such as Cd, Ni, Cu, and Zn.

The study identifies the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrD in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from migratory birds in China, highlighting its potential role in antibiotic resistance.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from Australian urine samples, including blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaTEM-28, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA17, dfrA5, dfrA1, dfrB4, tetA, tetB, mphA, cmlA1, cmlA5, catB3, sat2, qnrD1, fosA7, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIe, aph(3')-IIa, aph(6)-Id, ant(3'')-IIa, intI1, and intI2. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracycline, macrolides, chloramphenicol, streptothricin, quinolones, fosfomycin, and aminoglycosides.

The study identified PMQR genes (qnrB, qnrD, qnrA, and qnrC) in bacteriophages and bacterial isolates from hospital effluent samples in Azerbaijan, highlighting the role of generalized transduction in the spread of quinolone resistance.

The study characterizes bla NDM-1-harboring plasmids in clinical Providencia rettgeri isolates from Argentina, highlighting the presence of various resistance genes such as bla NDM-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-VI, bla PER-2, qnr D1, sul1, sul2, arr3, catB3, floR, mph(E), msr(E), and tet(A).

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Proteus mirabilis isolates from broiler chickens, including bla CTX-M, bla TEM, qnrA, qnrD, mcr-1, catI, catII, and ampC, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates.

The study identified 35 AMR genes and 30 chromosomal-mediated gene mutations in Salmonella strains from Bangkok canal water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to various antimicrobial classes.

The study identified qnrS, qnrA, qnrD, aac(6')-Ib, rmtB, and mexA as the main genes contributing to fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The study identified several plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, including qnrS, qnrC, qnrD, qnrB, and qnrVC, in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates.

The study identified qnrA, qnrS, and qnrD genes as major contributors to plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Shigella isolates, along with specific mutations in gyrA and parC genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies the spread of NDM-1-producing Providencia stuartii in Romania, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance genes including bla NDM-1, bla OXA-10, bla CMY-4, bla CMY-16, bla CMY-194, qnrD2, armA, aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib3, rmtC, dfrA14, dfrA12, sul1, and sul2.

The study found a significant increase in the prevalence of resistance genes such as CTX-M-8, qnrD, and aac(6')-lb-cr in Proteus mirabilis isolates during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period.

The study identified several AMR genes in Morganella clinical isolates, including tet(B), sul1, catA2, sul2, floR, aadA1, and others, contributing to resistance against various antibiotics.

This review highlights the pathogenesis, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance genes of Riemerella anatipestifer, emphasizing its significance in poultry farming and the need for further research on its resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies multiple multidrug-resistant genes in Providencia pseudovermicola sp. nov., including bla CTX-M-14, bla CMY-6, bla NDM-1, qnrD1, aadA, armA, msrE, mphE, lnuF, rmtC, aac(6')-Ib10, sul1, aph(3')-Ia, qacEΔ1, and dfrA1, highlighting the significance of these genes in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

Four raw beef isolates harbored at least one gene conferring resistance to beta-lactam (blaTEM-1), chloramphenicol (catA), fosfomycin (fosA7), quinolone (qnrD1), or tetracycline (tet(A)).

The study identifies Providencia lanzhouensis sp. nov., a novel species with multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including aadA1, aadA2, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, sat2, sul2, ere(A), dfrA32, floR, tetC, and qnrD1, which confer resistance to aminoglycosides, streptomycin, sulfonamides, macrolides, trimethoprim, phenicols, tetracyclines, and quinolones.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from vegetables, including TEM, CTX-M IV, SHV, OXA, CMY II, DHA, tetA, tetW, sul-I, and qnrD, which confer resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones.

The study identified various antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from Testudines and their aquatic habitats, including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-4, bla TEM, bla SHV, qnrA, qnrD, eaeA, virF, stx1, and stx2. These genes confer resistance to colistin, cephalothin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in wild reptiles and their environments.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Clostridium perfringens isolates from Egyptian broiler farms, including aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, macrolide, quinolone, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and trimethoprim resistance genes. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains was observed.