Browse AMR Genes

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relA

synthetase of the alarmone (p)ppGpp

NCBI Pathogen Isolates

Bacterial genomes carrying this gene

NCBI Reference Gene Catalog

Known alleles and reference sequences

Protein entries specific to relA

Browse AMR rules for relA

Validation StatusSupported

Overview

Mechanism: mutations in relA lead to increased (p)ppGpp levels, contributing to β-lactam resistance
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and measurement of (p)ppGpp accumulation
Drug Classes: Beta-lactam, Oxacillin, Thiostrepton, Linezolid|Daptomycin
Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium
Geographic Location: United States
Papers: 5
Databases: Reslit
Mutations: 5

Mutations

Protein Change	Nucleotide Change	Mechanism	Organism	Resistance To	Database	Validation Status
A1067U	-	highly resistant	Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli	Thiostrepton	Reslit	Candidate
A154E	-	-	Staphylococcus aureus	Oxacillin	Reslit	Candidate
R132C	-	-	Staphylococcus aureus	Oxacillin	Reslit

Papers5

1

Whole-genome sequencing reveals a link between β-lactam resistance and synthetases of the alarmone (p)ppGpp in Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID 23659600 · 2013

Mutations in the relA and relQ genes, which encode (p)ppGpp synthetases, contribute to β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by altering (p)ppGpp levels.

Gene Information

Gene Name: relA
Allele: relA
Encodes: synthetase of the alarmone (p)ppGpp
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: mutations in relA lead to increased (p)ppGpp levels, contributing to β-lactam resistance
Confers Resistance To: Beta-lactam
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and measurement of (p)ppGpp accumulation

2

Genetic Determinants of High-Level Oxacillin Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID 29555636 · 2018

The study identified six genes (fruB, gmk, hpt, purB, prsA, and relA) that are mutated in highly oxacillin-resistant strains of MRSA, highlighting the role of guanine metabolism in determining antibiotic resistance.

Gene Information

Gene Name: relA
Allele: relA
Encodes: GTP pyrophosphokinase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: mutation
Confers Resistance To: Oxacillin
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Geographic Location: United States
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Sequence Accession: PRJEB24730

3

Biocide-tolerance and antibiotic-resistance in community environments and risk of direct transfers to humans: Unintended consequences of community-wide surface disinfecting during COVID-19?

PMID 33848900 · 2021

The paper discusses the mechanisms of biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance in bacteria, highlighting the role of mutations, horizontal gene transfer, efflux pumps, membrane alterations, and biofilms in developing resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics. It emphasizes the risks posed by the extensive use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential for increased antimicrobial resistance.

Gene Information

Gene Name: relA
Allele: relA
Encodes: protein involved in stringent response
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: mutation conferring isopropanol tolerance
Organisms Tested In: • Escherichia coli
Validation Method: adaptive laboratory evolution