The study presents a real-time analysis framework for MinION sequencing data, demonstrating the ability to identify pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes within a few hours of sequencing. Key resistance genes identified include blaSHV, mphA, strA, strB, blaTEM, sul2, blaOXA, aac3, aac6, blaCMY, blaCFE, blaLAT, blaBIL, QnrB, aadA, oqxA, tetA, oqxB, rmtC, sul1, sul3, fosA, blaNDM, oqxA, blaSHV, oqxB, aadB, sul1, sul3, blaOXA, blaOKP, fosA, blaSHV, blaOKP, blaLEN, oqxA, and oqxB.

The study identified the co-existence of rmtC and blaNDM-1 genes in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Turkey, highlighting their role in aminoglycoside and carbapenem resistance.

The study presents a rapid colorimetric test for detecting multiple aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, focusing on the identification of 16S rRNA methylases (armA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtF, rmtG, npmA) and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(3)-IV, aac(3)-Ia, aac(3)-V, aph(3')-I, aph(3')-Ib, ant(2'')).

The study reports the draft genome sequences of two pandrug-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolates carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-6, sul1, sul2, rmtC, aacA4, aac(6')Ib-c, strA, strB, dfrA18, qnrA1, catA2, aac(6')-Ic, tet(41), and ampC.

The study identified several 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD) responsible for aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates, highlighting their prevalence and association with multidrug resistance.

The study characterizes a blaNDM-1-harboring plasmid from a Salmonella enterica clinical isolate in China, identifying multiple resistance genes including blaNDM-1, blaCMY-6, dfrA12, aadA2, rmtC, qacEΔ1, sul1, and bleMBL.

The study identified carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carrying various combinations of carbapenemases (KPC-2, NDM-1, NDM-4, OXA-48) and 16S rRNA methylases (RmtB, RmtC) in Vietnam.

The study identified the emergence of rmtC and rmtF 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, contributing to aminoglycoside resistance.

The study reports a pan-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate with resistance to all 26 antibiotics tested, including multiple beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance, and colistin resistance due to mgrB inactivation.

The study identifies the first occurrence of the rmtC gene in Acinetobacter baumannii, which confers resistance to aminoglycosides. The gene was found in two clinical isolates exhibiting high-level aminoglycoside resistance.

The study identifies blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-2 genes in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas asiatica isolates from Myanmar, along with the 16S rRNA methylase gene rmtC, contributing to resistance against carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies the coexistence of multiple AMR genes, including blaNDM-1, blaVIM-1, qnrB, rmtC, aac(6')-Ib, and blaCMY-4, in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae isolates from Saudi Arabia.

The study identified carbapenem-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carrying bla KPC−2, aac(3')-Ia, aac(6')-Ib, ANT(3')-Ia, rmtB, rmtC, qnrB, qnrS, oqxA, bla SHV−11, bla CTX−M−2 group, bla CTX−M−9 group, bla TEM−1, bla CMY−2, and bla DHA genes, contributing to multidrug resistance.

The study identified NDM, KPC, OXA-48-like, GES, and IMI carbapenemase genes in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolated from hospital sewage and river water in the Philippines. NDM was the most prevalent gene type, followed by KPC, OXA-48-like, GES, and IMI. Additionally, CTX-M-type ESBL and 16S rRNA methylase genes were also detected.

The study reports the first coexistence of the blaNDM-1 and rmtC genes on a transferrable plasmid in a novel ST192 Klebsiella aerogenes isolate, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer and increased resistance to carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies various carbapenemase genes such as blaNDM-1, blaNDM-7, blaCTX-M-15, and blaOXA-181, along with other AMR genes like rmtC, sul1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, mph(A), qnrB1, and others, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Philippines.

The study characterizes a blaNDM-1-encoding plasmid in clinical E. coli isolates, highlighting its ability to transfer between different genetic backgrounds and its association with carbapenem resistance.

The study identified ten different 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD, rmtE, rmtF, rmtG, rmtH, armA, npmA) along with CTX-M-15, NDM, and OXA-48 beta-lactamases in three sequence types of Escherichia coli from northeast India.

The paper discusses the global spread of 16S rRNA methyltransferases (ArmA, RmtB, RmtC, and NpmA) that confer high-level aminoglycoside resistance in various gram-negative bacteria. These genes are responsible for modifying the 16S rRNA, leading to resistance against multiple aminoglycosides.

The study developed a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid and accurate detection of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methyltransferases in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for detecting resistance mechanisms to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.

The study identified several carbapenem resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaNDM-4, blaNDM-5, and blaOXA-181, as well as 16S rRNA methylase genes rmtB, rmtC, and armA, and the colistin resistance gene mcr-8 in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a Vietnamese NICU.

The study identified several AMR genes, including bla CTX-M-15, bla NDM-1, rmtC, aac(6')-Ib, aac(3)-II, aph(3′′)-Ib, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB1, qnrS1, sul1, sul2, and dfrA, which were associated with resistance to various antibiotics in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from the Philippines.

The study identified novel and uncommon carbapenemase/β-lactamase gene variants, including bla VIM-71, bla CARB-53, and bla DIM-1, which were associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria in wastewater samples from Ghana. The genes bla NDM-1, armA, and rmtC were also found to confer resistance to carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies multiple antibiotic resistance genes in a Raoultella planticola isolate, including bla KPC-2, bla NDM-1, and tmexCD1-toprJ1, which confer resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, and tigecycline, respectively.

The paper discusses the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, including enzymatic modification, decreased drug accumulation, and modification of drug targets. It highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop strategies to overcome resistance.

The study identified a high prevalence of 16S rRNA methylases (ArmA, RmtF, RmtB, RmtC, RmtG) and carbapenemases (NDM-1, NDM-5, KPC-2, KPC-3, OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-232, VIM-1, VIM-2) in carbapenem- and aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from Switzerland, highlighting the increasing trends of their association.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes, including bla NDM, bla KPC, bla VIM, and bla OXA-48, along with other resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib3, aph(3')-VI, rmtC, bla CMY-6, and bla CTX-M-15, in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales isolated from newborn patients in Italy.

The study identified a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Greek pigs, with a focus on resistance mechanisms involving bla CTX-M1/15, bla TEM, and bla SHV genes, as well as resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides, and colistin.

The study developed and validated a targeted LC-MS/MS assay for the rapid detection of β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in blood cultures growing E. coli or K. pneumoniae. The assay successfully detected various resistance genes including β-lactamases (SHV, TEM, CTX-M-1-like, OXA-1, CMY-2-like, cAmpC, KPC, OXA-48, NDM, VIM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AAC(3)-Ia, AAC(3)-II, AAC(3)-IV, AAC(3)-VI, AAC(6′)-Ib, ANT(2′′)-I, APH(3′)-VI), 16S-RMTases (ArmA, RmtB, RmtC, RmtF), and quinolone resistance mechanisms (QnrA, QnrB, AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, and wildtype QRDR of GyrA).

The study shows that antidepressants can promote the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) between different bacterial genera, highlighting the potential link between antidepressant use and the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, and various aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, as well as mutations in mgrB, gyrA, parC, and porin genes associated with colistin and fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies the emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Citrobacter portucalensis strain, K218, which carries multiple resistance genes including bla KPC-2 and bla NDM-1, contributing to its multidrug-resistant phenotype.

The study identifies a diverse array of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes across various plasmid replicon types in enteric pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes in plasmids such as IncHI2, IncN, IncA/C, IncP, IncHI1, and IncFIA. Key AMR genes include aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-IIg, aac(6')-Ib3, aadA1, aadA5, aph(3'')-Ib, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M-27, bla NDM-1, mcr-9.1, and others, which confer resistance to antibiotics such as gentamicin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, colistin, and tetracycline.

The study identified the aac(6')-Ib, armA, rmtB, and rmtC genes as responsible for amikacin resistance in 53 amikacin-resistant MDR Enterobacteriales isolates. The zidovudine-amikacin combination showed significant synergistic effects against these isolates in vitro and in vivo.

The study identifies the presence of bla NDM-1 and rmtC genes on an IncC plasmid in Providencia stuartii, contributing to extensive drug resistance. Additional resistance genes such as aac(6')-Ib3, sul1, bla CMY-6, tet(B), catA3, and aac(2')-Ia were also found.

RmtC is a 16S rRNA methyltransferase that modifies G1405 of the 30S subunit to confer high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. Key residues in RmtC, including Lys20, Arg50, Arg39, Lys47, Tyr21, Lys67, Arg68, Lys71, Lys72, and Lys204, are critical for 30S subunit binding and G1405 modification.

The study identified 34 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in multidrug-resistant (MDR) plasmids from carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in Pakistan, including bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, and various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and others.

The study identified various AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, highlighting the prevalence of bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-42, bla NDM-5, aadA, bla TEM-1B, bla OXA-232, bla NDM-1, rmtB, rmtC, bla VEB, bla VIM-2, aph(3'), strA/B, bla OXA-23, aph (3′), catB, dfrB, bla VIM-2, fosA, oqxA, oqxB, bla OXA-23, bla CARB, bla OXA-91, bla OXA-51, bla PAO, bla SHV, aph (3′)-Ib, aph (6)-Id, mphE, msrE, ermB, mphA, aadA, rmtB, qnrB, dfrA, sul1, sul2, and fosA7.

The study identified various carbapenemase genes, including bla OXA-48, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-181, bla VIM-1, and bla VIM-2, along with aminoglycoside resistance genes such as armA, rmtB1, and rmtC, and polymyxin resistance genes mcr9.1 and mcr9.2 in carbapenemase-producing Citrobacter spp. in France.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from slaughterhouses, including blaCTX-M, blaAmpC, blaSHV, blaNDM, IMP-1, aac(6')-Ib, ant(4')IIb, qnrB, tetA, mexY, TEM, and rmtC. These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines.

The study characterized multidrug-resistant NDM-1 and KPC-3 co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates, identifying several AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance to various antibiotics.

The study reports the first molecular characterization of NDM-producing Enterobacterales causing infections in companion animals from Argentina, identifying bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-5 variants along with ESBLs and AmpC genes.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in Gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal sepsis in LMICs, including ESBLs, carbapenemases, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, highlighting the high prevalence of multidrug resistance and the need for effective antibiotic combinations.

The study identifies various carbapenemase genes such as bla OXA-48, bla VIM-1, bla NDM-1, bla KPC-3, and bla NDM-5 in carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates from Spain, highlighting their genetic diversity and geographic distribution.

The study identified multiple clusters of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) NDM-producing Providencia stuartii strains in Europe, primarily linked to patients from Ukraine. Key resistance genes included bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, bla OXA-10, bla CMY-16, rmtC, and armA, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics, particularly carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

The study identifies the spread of NDM-1-producing Providencia stuartii in Romania, highlighting the presence of multiple resistance genes including bla NDM-1, bla OXA-10, bla CMY-4, bla CMY-16, bla CMY-194, qnrD2, armA, aph(3')-VI, aac(6')-Ib3, rmtC, dfrA14, dfrA12, sul1, and sul2.

The study identifies the first detection of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae isolates in Uruguay, carrying 16S rRNA methyltransferases (rmtB, rmtC, rmtD) along with carbapenemase genes (bla NDM-5, bla NDM-1).

This review highlights the pathogenesis, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance genes of Riemerella anatipestifer, emphasizing its significance in poultry farming and the need for further research on its resistance mechanisms.

The study identifies multiple multidrug-resistant genes in Providencia pseudovermicola sp. nov., including bla CTX-M-14, bla CMY-6, bla NDM-1, qnrD1, aadA, armA, msrE, mphE, lnuF, rmtC, aac(6')-Ib10, sul1, aph(3')-Ia, qacEΔ1, and dfrA1, highlighting the significance of these genes in conferring resistance to various antibiotics.

The study characterizes the plasmid diversity in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 isolates co-producing KPC and NDM carbapenemases, identifying multiple resistance genes and plasmid types involved in carbapenem resistance.

The study found that Scutellaria baicalensis, Folium Artemisiae argyi, and Galla Chinensis significantly reduced the abundance of gentamicin resistance genes (armA, rmtB, rmtA, rmtC, rmtD) in Exiguobacterium sp.

The study characterizes the biological cost of 16S rRNA methyltransferases (ArmA, RmtA, RmtB, RmtC, RmtD, Sgm, KamB, and NpmA) in Escherichia coli, demonstrating their role in conferring high-level aminoglycoside resistance and their impact on bacterial fitness, translational fidelity, and stress response.

The study characterizes the biological cost of 16S rRNA methyltransferases (ArmA, RmtA, RmtB, RmtC, RmtD, Sgm, KamB, and NpmA) in Escherichia coli, demonstrating their role in conferring high-level aminoglycoside resistance and their impact on bacterial fitness, translational fidelity, and stress response.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes, including bla NDM−1, bla VIM−1, bla OXA−48, and bla KPC−2, in cefiderocol-resistant isolates from German hospital wastewater, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant pathogens with diverse resistance mechanisms.

The study characterizes the mobile genetic elements co-carrying bla NDM and 16S-RMTase genes in multiple Enterobacterales, highlighting the role of plasmids in the spread of these resistance genes in healthcare settings.