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sul4

sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase Sul4

NCBI Pathogen Isolates

Bacterial genomes carrying this gene

NCBI Reference Gene Catalog

Known alleles and reference sequences

Protein entries specific to sul4

Browse AMR rules for sul4

Validation StatusConfirmed2+ DBs

Overview

Mechanism: Purine synthesis
Validation Method: expression in E. coli and determination of MIC
Drug Classes: SULFAMETHOXAZOLE, SULFONAMIDE, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfonamide, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Sulfadiazine, Sulfisoxazole
Organisms: uncultured bacterium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus hominis, Salmonella enterica, Alpha proteobacteria, Gamma proteobacteria, Bacilli, Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, Salmonella sp.
Geographic Location: China, India, India|Sweden|UK|China|Malaysia|Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia +1 more
Alleles: 2
Papers: 8
Databases: Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder DatabaseReslit

Allele Variants2

Allele	Database	Papers	Drug Classes	Organisms	Countries	Years	Sequence Accession	Protein Accession
Sul4	Card DatabaseReference Gene CatalogResFinder DatabaseReslit	11	SULFAMETHOXAZOLE, SULFONAMIDE +5

Papers8

1

Discovery of the fourth mobile sulfonamide resistance gene.

PMID 29246178 · 2017

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase Sul4
Source Database: Reference Gene Catalog
Mechanism: Purine synthesis
Confers Resistance To: SULFAMETHOXAZOLESULFONAMIDE
Organisms Tested In: • uncultured bacterium
Sequence Accession: MG649394.1
Protein Accession: AUI09863.1
Notes: ARO:3004361

2

Discovery of the fourth mobile sulfonamide resistance gene.

PMID 29246178 · 2017

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase Sul4
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: Purine synthesis
Confers Resistance To: SULFAMETHOXAZOLESULFONAMIDE
Organisms Tested In: • uncultured bacterium
Sequence Accession: MG649394.1
Protein Accession: AUI09863.1
Notes: ARO:3004361

3

Discovery of the fourth mobile sulfonamide resistance gene.

PMID 29246178 · 2017

The study identifies sul4, a novel mobile sulfonamide resistance gene, which provides complete resistance to sulfamethoxazole when expressed in Escherichia coli.

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: dihydropteroate synthase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: confers resistance to sulfonamides by enzymatic modification of the target molecule
Confers Resistance To: Sulfamethoxazole
Organisms Tested In: • Escherichia coli
Geographic Location: India|Sweden|UK|China|Malaysia|Hong Kong
Validation Method: expression in E. coli and determination of MIC
Sequence Accession: MG649393

4

Discovery of the fourth mobile sulfonamide resistance gene.

PMID 29246178 · 2017

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase Sul4
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Purine synthesis
Confers Resistance To: SULFAMETHOXAZOLESULFONAMIDE
Organisms Tested In: • uncultured bacterium
Sequence Accession: MG649394.1
Protein Accession: AUI09863.1
Notes: ARO:3004361

5

Discovery of the fourth mobile sulfonamide resistance gene.

PMID 29246178 · 2017

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: sul4
Source Database: ResFinder Database
Mechanism: Purine synthesis
Confers Resistance To: SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
Organisms Tested In: • uncultured bacterium
Sequence Accession: MG649393

6

The Genomic Characterization of KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from the ICU of a Teaching Hospital in Shanghai, China.

PMID 35046672 · 2022

The study identified the carbapenemase gene blaKPC-2 and blaKPC-24, along with fosfomycin resistance gene fosA6, and various extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-65, and blaCTX-M-27 in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Additionally, genes associated with fluoroquinolone, macrolide, aminoglycoside, and sulfonamide resistance were also characterized.

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: sulfonamide resistance
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Sulfonamide
Organisms Tested In: • Klebsiella pneumoniae
Geographic Location: Shanghai, China
Validation Method: whole genome sequencing and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms
Sequence Accession: PRJNA744405

7

Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus hominis ShoR14 Clinical Isolate from Terengganu, Malaysia, Led to the Discovery of Novel Mobile Genetic Elements.

PMID 36558739 · 2022

The study identified multiple AMR genes in the multidrug-resistant S. hominis ShoR14 isolate, including tetK, norA, aac(6')-aph(2"), aadD, blaZ, mecA, mupA, fusC, ermC, sul4, dfrC, and catA7, which contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: dihydropteroate synthase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Sulfonamide
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus hominis
Geographic Location: Malaysia
Validation Method: association with sulfonamide resistance and presence on an integron
Sequence Accession: JAGHKT020000000|JAGHKT020000038|JAGHKT020000005.1|JAGHKT020000121|JAGHKT020000027|JAGHKT020000046|JAGHKT020000049|JAGHKT020000053|JAGHKT020000058|JAGHKT020000059

8

Emergence of the fourth mobile sulfonamide resistance gene sul4 in clinical Salmonella enterica.

PMID 37744910 · 2023

The study reports the first identification of the sul4 gene in a clinically cultured Salmonella enterica isolate, demonstrating its ability to confer resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: dihydropteroate synthase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Organisms Tested In: • Salmonella enterica
Geographic Location: China
Validation Method: cloning in E. coli DH5α + broth microdilution
Sequence Accession: PRJNA946266

9

Marine bacteria harbor the sulfonamide resistance gene sul4 without mobile genetic elements.

PMID 37779713 · 2023

The study identifies the sulfonamide resistance gene sul4 in marine bacteria without the presence of mobile genetic elements, indicating it is not horizontally transferable. sul4 was found in alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria and bacilli, and it is likely involved in folate synthesis.

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: dihydropteroate synthase
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Sulfonamide
Organisms Tested In: • Alpha proteobacteria
• Gamma proteobacteria
• Bacilli
Geographic Location: Japan
Validation Method: PCR and genomic analysis

10

Complete genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of three donkey Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolates.

PMID 38029076 · 2023

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in three donkey-derived Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolates, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and others. Notably, the HT1112 isolate showed resistance to six antimicrobials, while HTP133 and HTP232 showed resistance to fewer drugs. Additionally, the study highlighted the role of biofilm formation in antimicrobial resistance.

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: dihydropteroate synthase
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: sulfonamide resistance
Confers Resistance To: SulfadiazineSulfisoxazole
Organisms Tested In: • Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
Geographic Location: China
Validation Method: antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Sequence Accession: CP133957|CP133955|CP133956

11

Synanthropic rodents and shrews are reservoirs of zoonotic bacterial pathogens and act as sentinels for antimicrobial resistance spillover in the environment: A study from Puducherry, India.

PMID 38784598 · 2024

The study identified various AMR genes in bacterial isolates from synanthropic rodents and shrews, including mecA, mecC, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, tet, sul3, sul4, and qnrA, indicating their role as reservoirs of AMR pathogens.

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: sulfonamide resistance protein
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: inhibits dihydropteroate synthase
Confers Resistance To: Sulfonamide
Organisms Tested In: • Salmonella sp.
Geographic Location: India
Validation Method: PCR and antibiotic sensitivity testing
Sequence Accession: OQ979122|OQ979123|OQ992661|OQ992662|OQ992663|OQ992664|OQ872769|OR066219|OR066218|OR066217|OR066220|OR066221|OR066224|OR066225|OR066222|OR066223|OQ992668|OQ992669|OQ992665|OQ992666|OQ992667

12

Phenotypic and genomic characterization of ST11-K1 CR-hvKP with highly homologous bla(KPC-2)-bearing plasmids in China.

PMID 39555910 · 2024

Seven ST11-K1 CR-hvKP isolates were found to carry highly homologous blaKPC-2-bearing plasmids, demonstrating multidrug resistance and hypervirulence. Key resistance genes included blaKPC-2, blaSHV-11, blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-65, blaTEM-1, rmtB, oqxB, tetA/B, sul4, mcr-8, fosA, and mupB.

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: Sul4
Encodes: sulfonamide resistance protein
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Sulfonamide
Organisms Tested In: • Klebsiella pneumoniae
Geographic Location: China
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing
Sequence Accession: CP119013|CP119014|CP119017|CP119018|CP119021|CP119022|CP119026|CP119027|CP119029|CP119030|CP119034|CP119035|CP119036|CP119040|CP119041|CP119042|CP119043|CR-hvKP005|CP119015|CP119016|CR-hvKP006|CP119019|CP119020|CR-hvKP26|CP119023|CP119024|CP119025|CR-hvKP128|CP119028|CR-hvKP132|CP119031|CP119032|CP119033|CR-hvKP173|CP119037|CP119038|CP119039|CR-hvKP221|CP119044|CP119045|CP119046

13

Gene Information

Gene Name: sul4
Allele: sul4
Encodes: sulfonamide resistant sul
Source Database: Card Database
Mechanism: antibiotic target replacement
Organisms Tested In: • uncultured bacterium
Sequence Accession: NG_056174.1
Protein Accession: WP_102607457.1
Notes: ARO:3004361