The study developed and validated PCR primers for detecting tetracycline efflux genes in gram-negative bacteria, identifying multiple tet genes in swine feed, feces, and groundwater, highlighting the spread of tetracycline resistance in agricultural environments.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetC, tetD, tetY, and tetG) in fish farm bacteria that are similar to those found in clinical isolates, indicating a shared origin of these resistance genes.

The study identified several efflux transporter genes, including tet(B), tet(C), tet(K), acrAB, acrEF, and bcr, that influence the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to tigecycline. While tigecycline was effective against strains expressing these efflux pumps, it was found to be a substrate for AcrAB and AcrEF, suggesting potential resistance mechanisms.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella isolates causing traveler's diarrhea, including blaTEM, blaOXA-1, tetA, tetB, tetG, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, floR, cmlA, and a mutation in the gyrA gene. These genes and mutations contribute to resistance against ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and quinolones.

The study identified tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M) as tetracycline resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii strains, with tet(B) additionally conferring resistance to minocycline. The efflux gene adeB was present in all strains regardless of tet gene status.

The study identifies plasmid-encoded Tet B tetracycline resistance in Haemophilus parasuis and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, demonstrating the presence of the tet(B) gene on a 5.1-kb plasmid (pHS-Tet) and its role in tetracycline resistance.

The study identified resistance mechanisms in Neisseria meningitidis, including penA gene polymorphisms associated with penicillin and ampicillin resistance, catP gene-mediated chloramphenicol resistance, folP gene mutations linked to sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance, tet(B) efflux pump contributing to tetracycline resistance, and rpoB gene mutations causing rifampin resistance. Additionally, gyrA mutations were associated with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility.

The study reports reduced levofloxacin susceptibility and tetracycline resistance in a clinical isolate of Haemophilus quentini, with mutations in gyrA (S84L) and parC (S84I) and the presence of the tet(B) gene.

The study identified tet(A) and tet(B) genes as the primary tetracycline resistance mechanisms in commensal E. coli strains from Swedish infants, highlighting their prevalence and association with other antibiotic resistances.

The study identified tet(B), tet(O), tet(H), and tet(L) genes in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from Spain, all of which confer tetracycline resistance through efflux mechanisms.

The study identified tetracycline resistance in E. coli isolates from broiler chickens and humans, primarily mediated by the efflux genes tetB and tetD.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli isolates in children from Peru and Bolivia, highlighting the prevalence of resistance genes such as blaTEM, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA8, sul1, sul2, and catI.

The study identified tetE as the predominant tetracycline resistance gene in Aeromonas veronii isolates from catfish, followed by tetB, tetA, tetC, and tetD.

The study identified tet(B) and tet(A) as the primary tetracycline resistance determinants in tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from dairy cattle.

The study identified various acquired antibiotic resistance genes in commensal E. coli isolates from a remote community with minimal antibiotic exposure, including blaTEM, catI, cmlA6, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, aphA1, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadB, and sat-1. These genes were found to be similar to those seen in antibiotic-exposed settings, indicating the dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes from such environments.

The study found that high concentrations of chlortetracycline (CTC) selected for increased tetracycline resistance in aerobic bacterial populations, with a greater diversity of tet resistance genes detected in the high-CTC chemostat compared to low-CTC and control chemostats.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from broiler chickens, including blaTEM, blaSHV, aadA, tet(A), tet(B), sulI, sulII, and floR, which conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as amoxicillin, tetracycline, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified the bla_cmy-2 gene as a major contributor to extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates, with the gene also found in E. coli isolates. The gene was located on high-molecular-weight plasmids and contributed to multidrug resistance.

The study identified bla TEM1, tet (A), and sul2 as prevalent resistance genes in commensal E. coli from beef cattle, highlighting the impact of antimicrobial use on resistance dissemination.

The study identified tetracycline resistance mediated by the tet(B) gene in E. coli isolates from feedlot cattle.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Shigella and Salmonella isolates, including bla-oxa-1-like, bla-tem-like, dfrA1, dfrA14-like, tetB, tetA, floR, cmlA, and cat, which confer resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from a commercial beef processing plant, including beta-lactamase genes (blaCMY, blaSHV, blaTEM), tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2), and aminoglycoside resistance genes (strA, strB).

The study identifies several AMR genes, including bla ROB-1, tet(B), tet(H), tet(O), strA, and sul2, which are responsible for multidrug resistance in Pasteurella multocida. These genes are located on small plasmids and contribute to resistance against beta-lactams, tetracyclines, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole.

The study identified several AMR genes, including blaTEM1, tetA, tetB, tetC, sul1, and sul2, in Escherichia coli from cattle fecal deposits. These genes conferred resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides.

The study identified various AMR genes in commensal E. coli from pigs, including blaTEM, catA1, aph(3')-Ia, aadA, strA/strB, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, and sul3. These genes conferred resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole. However, the presence of these resistance genes did not provide a significant colonization advantage or disadvantage in the pig intestine.

The study identified the presence of tetB, catA, and blaTEM genes in Shigella isolates, which confer resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin, respectively. These genes were detected through PCR analysis in a significant proportion of the isolates.

Two E. coli isolates from Galápagos land iguanas were found to carry acquired resistance genes, including tet(B), aadB, aacA4, cat1, tet(A), blaTEM, and sul1, indicating human-related contamination in a remote ecosystem.

The study identifies the resistance genes bla TEM-1, strA-strB, sul2, and tet(B) in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant strains, which are chromosomally located and confer resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline.

The study identified the genes bla TEM1-like, sul2, strA-strB, and tet(B) as responsible for multidrug resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline in Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-.

The study characterizes several efflux pumps in Acinetobacter spp., including AdeABC, AdeIJK, AdeFGH, CraA, AmvA, AbeM, AbeS, AdeXYZ, AdeDE, TetA, TetB, CmlA, FloR, and QacE, which contribute to multidrug resistance by expelling antibiotics and other compounds.

The study identified the presence of the tetB gene in tetracycline-resistant E. coli strains, which is associated with tetracycline efflux and contributes to increased mobility of these strains in saturated porous media.

The study identified the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B) and the ampicillin resistance gene tem1-like in Escherichia coli isolates from feedlot cattle. These genes were found to confer resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, respectively.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from animals, including bla TEM, bla CTX-M-2, bla CMY-2, strA-strB, aadA, aphA1, aadB, cat, floR, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). These genes confer resistance to various antibiotics such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Irish cattle farms, including strA-strB, aphA1, aadA, aadB, blaTEM, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). These genes were associated with resistance to streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, sulfonamides, and tetracycline.

The study identified the tetB gene as responsible for tetracycline resistance in E. coli strains isolated from Lake Michigan, demonstrating that tetracycline-resistant strains exhibit higher mobility in saturated porous media compared to susceptible strains.

The study characterizes several tetracycline resistance genes, including tet(M), tet(K), tet(B), tet(A), and tet(X), demonstrating their roles in conferring resistance to tetracycline and related antibiotics.

The study identifies several AMR genes on the plasmid pAQU1, including bla CARB-9 -like, floR, mef (A)-like, sul2, tet (M), and tet (B), which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, erythromycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline.

The study identified the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes such as bla CMY-2, tet(A), and tet(B) in Escherichia coli isolates from raccoons in Southern Ontario, Canada. These genes confer resistance to ceftiofur and tetracycline.

The study identified the presence of tetA and tetB genes in food-borne Bacillus cereus isolates, indicating plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance and potential horizontal gene transfer.

The study presents a microarray-based serogenotyping assay for Salmonella, demonstrating high correlation between genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Several AMR genes were identified and validated, showing strong association with AMR phenotypes.

The study identifies eight tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetC, tetD, tetH, tetL, tetY, tetM, and tetW) in the gut microbiota of honeybees, highlighting the accumulation of resistance determinants due to long-term antibiotic exposure in beekeeping practices.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from both US and Afghanistan-based military personnel.

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in the EDR A. baumannii 53264 strain, including aac(6')-Iaf, aac(3)-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3')-Ic, strA/aph(3'')-Ib, blaOXA-23, blaTEM-1, sul1, sul3, and tet(B). Additionally, mutations in ampC, gyrB, parC, and qseC contribute to resistance against various antibiotics.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from the San Pedro River, including blaTEM, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tet(B), as well as mutations in gyrA and parC contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified tet(A) and tet(B) efflux genes in Escherichia coli isolates from chicken colons, which confer resistance to tetracycline.

The study developed a DNA microarray for genotyping antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, identifying numerous resistance genes and mutations associated with carbapenem, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, and other antibiotic resistances.

The study identifies multiple efflux pumps, porins, and β-lactamases contributing to multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, including adeB, adeJ, tetB, tetA(39), and aacC1, aphA1, aadB genes, along with mutations in gyrA and parC.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from military treatment facilities, including bla OXA-51-like, bla OXA-23, bla GES-11, aac(6')-Ib, aacC1, aadB, aphA6, and others, highlighting the complex resistome of these isolates.

The study identified tet(A), tet(B), and bla CMY-2 as key resistance genes in E. coli isolates from feedlot cattle, with bla CMY-2 associated with high multidrug resistance. CTC treatment influenced the selection of tetracycline resistance genes, favoring tet(B) over tet(A).

The study identifies various AMR genes in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- strains, including aac(3)-IV, bla TEM-1, cmlA1, aadA1, aadA2, strA, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), and dfrA12, which confer resistance to multiple antibiotics.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from beef cattle in Japan, highlighting the diversity of resistance mechanisms and the potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identifies pAQU group plasmids that can transfer the tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) to E. coli, highlighting their potential role in spreading antibiotic resistance in marine environments.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from diarrheic calves in Iran, including aadA1, sul1, aac[3]-IV, dfrA1, tetA, and tetB, which confer resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamide, gentamicin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline.

The study identified gyrA and parC gene mutations contributing to ciprofloxacin resistance and tetB gene presence linked to tetracycline resistance in A. baumannii isolates.

The study identifies the presence of class 1 integrons and bla CTX-M-15 genes in commensal E. coli isolates from healthy individuals in Chandigarh, India. It also detects several gene cassettes conferring resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, spectinomycin, streptothricin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfonamides.

The study identified various tetracycline, sulfonamide, and beta-lactam resistance genes in goat and lamb slaughterhouse surfaces and meat products, highlighting the prevalence of tet genes and their potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes, including bla TEM, dfr, strB, tet(A), and tet(B), in Gram-negative fecal bacteria from volunteers treated with amoxicillin, minocycline, or placebo. The prevalence of these genes increased significantly in the amoxicillin-treated group.

The study identified various AMR genes, including bla TEM, dfr, strB, tet(A), and tet(B), in Gram-negative fecal bacteria from volunteers treated with amoxicillin, minocycline, or placebo. The prevalence of these genes increased significantly in the amoxicillin-treated group.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in commensal E. coli from dairy and beef cattle, including blaTEM, blaSHV, aadA1, tetA, tetB, and tetC. These genes conferred resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Dairy cattle isolates showed higher resistance rates compared to beef cattle.

The study identified two multiple drug-resistant strains, GG6-2 and GG6-1-1, from feces of wild Western Lowland Gorillas in Gabon. Strain GG6-1-1 was found to carry the tetB gene, which confers resistance to tetracycline.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis strains, including blaTEM, strA, strB, aadA1, aadA2, aphA1, aacC2, tetB, sul1, sul2, dhfrXII, and dhfrXIII. Additionally, mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA and parC were associated with quinolone resistance.

The study identified bla CTX-M-15, aac (3)-IIa, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, qnrB4, qnrS1, aac (6')-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, bla SHV-12, bla CMY-42, bla DHA-1, mphA, ermB, catA1, catB3, sul1, sul2, dfrA12, dfrA17, dfrA1, dfrA5, tetA, tetB, and tetD as key AMR genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in Nepal, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance.

The study identified blaCTX-M-1, qnrB1, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes in avian ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from Tunisia, highlighting their role in resistance to beta-lactams, quinolones, and sulfonamides.

The study identified the resistance genes blaTEM, strA-B, sul2, and tet(B) associated with the ASSuT phenotype in monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium DT193 strains. Additionally, 54% of the isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol, although no specific chloramphenicol resistance genes were detected.

The study identified tet(A), tet(B), and tet(C) as the predominant tetracycline resistance genes in E. coli isolates from beef cattle, with tet(B) showing higher MIC values compared to tet(A).

The study identified the prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes, particularly tet(A), among multi-drug resistant bacteria in water distribution systems in southwestern Nigeria, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in swine fecal samples using qPCR, including tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(M), tet(O), tet(W)), erythromycin resistance genes (ermB, ermF), sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI, sulII), beta-lactam resistance genes (blaCTX-M-1 group, blaCMY-2, blaSHV family), and glycopeptide resistance gene (vanA).

The study found that Haemophilus ducreyi cutaneous ulcer (CU) strains are nearly identical to class I genital ulcer (GU) strains and are highly susceptible to antibiotics, including azithromycin. Resistance mechanisms in GU strains included beta-lactamase (blaTEM-1B) and tetracycline resistance genes (tet(B), tet(32), tet(M)).

The study identified several AMR genes in ETEC isolates from Peruvian children, including bla TEM-like for ampicillin resistance, sul2 for sulfamethoxazole resistance, tet(A) and tet(B) for tetracycline resistance, and mph(A) for azithromycin resistance.

The study identifies tetA, tetB, intl1, and qnrB as genes associated with antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, highlighting their roles in tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and quinolone resistance.

The study reports the draft genome sequence of an E. coli strain carrying 12 acquired antibiotic resistance genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance, trimethoprim resistance, tetracycline resistance, and streptothricin resistance.

The study shows that multi-drug resistance plasmids pAQU1 and IncFIB can persist in bacterial populations under very low selective pressure, including in non-culturable states. The plasmids retain their resistance genes, such as tet(M), tet(B), floR, mph(A)-like, mef(A)-like, and sul2, which confer resistance to tetracycline, florfenicol, macrolides, and sulfonamides.

The study identified several AMR genes in E. coli isolates from wastewater effluents, including strA, aadA, catI, cmlA1, blaTEM, and various tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetK, tetM). These genes conferred resistance to multiple antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline.

The study identified blaOXA-23 and blaAmpC genes contributing to carbapenem and extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance, and mutations in pmrA, pmrB, lpxD, lpxC, and lpsB genes linked to polymyxin resistance in A. baumannii AC30.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M, tet(A), and tet(B), carried by IncF plasmids in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Tanzanian water sources. These genes contribute to resistance against ampicillin, ceftazidime, and tetracycline.

The study identified the tetB gene as a key determinant of minocycline resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, and demonstrated that combination therapy with colistin was more effective against minocycline-resistant isolates compared to other combinations.

The study identified multiple antibiotic resistance genes in IncHI1 plasmids of Salmonella Typhimurium, including tet(B), tet(A), blaTEM, strA, strB, sul2, aadA, dfrA, catA1, aphA1a, and aad(3)IId, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, beta-lactam, streptomycin, sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim.

The study identified the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolates from commercial chickens and human clinical samples in South Africa and Brazil. Key resistance genes included pse-1 (ampicillin), ant (3")-la (gentamicin), tet A and tet B (tetracycline), and sul 1 and sul 2 (sulfamethoxazole).

The study presents SSTAR, a software tool for identifying antimicrobial resistance (AR) genes from whole-genome sequencing data. It detects known AR genes and potential new variants, including truncated forms. The tool was applied to analyze resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae ST437 and Escherichia coli ST44, revealing various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and porin mutations contributing to resistance.

The study identifies ICEApl1, an integrative conjugative element in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which contains tetracycline resistance genes tetB, tetC, tetD, and tetR. This element confers tetracycline resistance and was found in serovar 8 isolates.

The study identified 65 unique resistance genes in nontyphoidal Salmonella, including bla CTX-M1 and bla SHV2a, which were first reported in retail meat isolates in the United States. The research highlights the effectiveness of whole-genome sequencing in detecting antimicrobial resistance genes and correlating them with phenotypic resistance.

The study identifies the bla NDM-1 gene as a major cause of carbapenem resistance in Vibrio fluvialis isolates from Kolkata, India. Several additional resistance genes, including aadA1, aadB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, sul1, sul3, floR, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-7, bla OXA-9, bla TEM-9, bla CTX-M-3, strA, and tetB, were also characterized.

The study identified multiple S. Typhi genotypes in Nigeria, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmids. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, catA1, tetB, dfrA15, sul1, sul2, strAB, aad, and qnrS, primarily associated with the IncHI1 plasmid. Quinolone resistance was linked to gyrA mutations S83Y and S83F.

The study identified several AMR genes in Gram-negative bacteria from fresh produce, including mcr-1, qnrA1, blaGES-11, mphA, and oqxAB, highlighting the presence of mobile genetic elements and clinically relevant resistance genes.

The study identified numerous antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from river water, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant and extraintestinal pathogenic strains. Key resistance genes included blaTEM-1, aac(3)-IId, qnrB7, and others.

The study found that menthol supplementation in feedlot cattle diets increased the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates. Specifically, 56.9% of isolates from the menthol group were resistant to tetracycline compared to 32.7% in the control group. The study also identified the presence of tetA and tetB genes in the resistant isolates.

The study identified beta-lactam resistance gene bla CMY and tetracycline resistance genes tet (A) and tet (B) in multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella isolates.

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from healthy pet cats, including tetB, tetA, aadA, sulI, qnrS, and dhfrV, with varying prevalence rates. These genes were associated with resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in E. coli isolates from marine bivalves, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, and various aminoglycoside, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, quinolone, and macrolide resistance genes. These findings highlight the potential risk of MDR Enterobacteriaceae in marine environments.

The study identified and quantified the presence of tet(A) and tet(B) genes in conventional and organic baby foods, indicating the widespread distribution of tetracycline-resistant bacteria in both types of products.

The study identifies several AMR genes in ST95 E. coli strains, including blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M14, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac3, strA, strB, tetA, tetB, tetD, sul1, sul2, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17, mphA, and catA1, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified a few antibiotic-resistant E. coli clones in Zimbabwean cows, including resistance to tetracycline, penicillins, and trimethoprim, but these were rare and subdominant.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in STEC isolates from cattle, including ampC, blaTEM, tetE, tetB, and tetC, which confer resistance to beta-lactams and tetracyclines. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring antimicrobial resistance in STEC strains.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant, heat-resistant E. coli strain FAM21845, including beta-lactamase blaTEM-1, aminoglycoside resistance genes strA, strB, aadA1, aph(3')-Ic, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IVa, sulfonamide resistance gene sul1, trimethoprim resistance gene dfrA1, tetracycline resistance gene tet(B), disinfectant resistance gene qacEΔ1, and biofilm-related genes mrkABCDF. Additionally, the strain carried genes for resistance to arsenic, silver, and copper.

The study identified 46 AMR genes or gene families in 90 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Kenya, highlighting the prevalence of multidrug resistance and the diversity of resistance mechanisms.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from North Carolina community hospitals, including bla CTX-M-15, bla CTX-M-14, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrS1, and mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE that confer resistance to various antibiotics.

The study identified blaCTX-M, blaTEM, tetA, and tetB genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitis in cattle in West Bengal, indicating the presence of antibiotic resistance mechanisms.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla_CMY-2, bla_TEM, aadA2, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, and sul2, in multiple Salmonella serotypes isolated from swine farm environments. These genes were found on plasmids and contributed to resistance against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates from Cambodia, including beta-lactamase (blaTEM-1B), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catA1), sulfonamide resistance proteins (sul1, sul2), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA7), tetracycline resistance protein (tet(B)), and streptomycin resistance protein (strAB). Additionally, mutations in the gyrA and gyrB genes were associated with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility.

The study demonstrates the feasibility of rapid nanopore sequencing for detecting plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in clinical isolates. It identifies several AMR genes, including beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, macrolide resistance genes, and phenicol resistance genes, in both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

The study identifies several AMR genes in an extensively drug-resistant E. coli ST1642 isolate, including blaKPC-2, blaSHV-11, blaTEM-1, aadA5, strA, strB, aac(3)-IId, mph(A), sul1, sul2, tet(B), dfrA17, and qnrS1, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli isolates from children with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and healthy controls, highlighting differences in resistance profiles between groups.

The study identifies bla CTX-M-15-positive E. coli isolates from food products in Germany, primarily associated with IncF-type plasmids and belonging to two predominant clonal lineages, ST167 and ST410. These isolates carry various resistance genes including aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA5, bla OXA-1, catB3, mph(A), sul1, tet(B), and dfrA17.

The study identified a high prevalence of CTX-M-15-type ESBL-producing E. coli in migratory avian species in Pakistan, highlighting the role of wild birds as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the potential for horizontal gene transfer of resistance determinants.

The study identifies tetO as the primary tetracycline resistance gene in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from beef cattle and highlights gyrA mutations, particularly Thr86Ile, as a major cause of fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identifies several tetracycline resistance genes (tet B, tet L, tet Z, tet M, tet O, and tet X) in cultivable tetracycline-resistant bacteria from pig manure and soil, highlighting the diversity and abundance of these genes following pig manure application.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance genes in feedlots and urban wastewater, highlighting the prevalence of sulfonamide, tetracycline, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, and β-lactam resistance genes in different environments.

The study identifies clinically relevant ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae ST307 and E. coli ST38 in an urban West African rat population, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant strains carrying various resistance genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-9, and others.

The paper discusses the prevalence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus species, particularly focusing on macrolide, lincosamide, and tetracycline resistance. Key genes identified include erm(B), erm(A), lnuB, lnuD, mefA, mefE, msr, tet(B), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(S).

The study identified and characterized multiple tetracycline resistance genes, including tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), tet(O), tet(O/W/32/O), tet(Q), and tet(X), in Riemerella anatipestifer isolates from ducks in China. The tet(X) gene was found to be the primary mechanism of tetracycline resistance.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Haemophilus parasuis isolates from pigs in China, including blaTEM-1, blaROB-1, ermB, ermA, flor, catl, tetB, tetC, rmtB, rmtD, aadA1, aac(3′)-IIc, sul1, and sul2. Additionally, mutations in the gyrA and parC genes were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified tetA and tetB genes as contributors to tetracycline resistance in Shigella isolates, with tetA being prevalent in S. sonnei and tetB in S. flexneri. Efflux pump inhibitors like CCCP reduced MIC values, indicating the involvement of efflux mechanisms in resistance.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in STEC O117:H7 isolates, including the azithromycin resistance gene mphA, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, blaTEM-1B, blaTEM-1C, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA, dfrA5, ermB, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), qnrs1, and a mutation in gyrA (S83L) associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified the presence of tet(A) and tet(B) resistance genes in droppings of broiler chickens treated with chlortetracycline, indicating tetracycline resistance in E. coli isolates.

The study identifies the plasmid pSEA1 and the integrative element Tn 6283, which carry various antibiotic resistance genes including tet(M), mef(C), mph(G), sul2, catII, and bla, facilitating the spread of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including floR, tet(A), tet(B), tet(H), tet(l), tet(34), tet(35), aac(6')-Ib-cr, and intI1, associated with resistance to florfenicol, oxytetracycline, quinolones, and kanamycin in Chilean salmon farming environments.

The study reports the draft genome of a multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium striatum isolate, identifying several resistance genes including tetA, tetB, vanW, ermX, aph(3')-Ia, strA-strB, bla, and cmx, along with a mutation in the gyrA gene contributing to quinolone resistance.

The paper discusses the characterization of various antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC cephalosporinases, carbapenemases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, fosfomycin resistance genes, and tetracycline resistance genes. These genes confer resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, highlighting the complex nature of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli.

The study identified several AMR genes, including aminoglycoside resistance genes (ksgA, strA, strB), beta-lactam resistance genes (blaCARB-4, blaCMY-1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-12, blaDHA-1, blaOXA-1, blaSHV-1, blaSHV-37, blaSHV-3, blaTEM-1A, blaTEM-1B), and tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetK, tetL), that were enriched in the gut microbiota of healthy adults following amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment.

The study identified multiple AMR genes in aEPEC isolates from children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the prevalence of resistance to multiple antibiotics, including ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and tetracycline.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including floR, fexA, and various tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetE, tetH, tetL, tetM, tet34, tet35), associated with resistance to florfenicol and oxytetracycline in gut bacteria from salmon farms. These genes were found in multiple bacterial species, highlighting the widespread nature of AMR in aquatic environments.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in pathogenic E. coli isolates from broiler chickens in Egypt, including CITM, ere, aac(3)-(IV), tet(A), tet(B), dfr(A1), and aad(A1). These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics, highlighting the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in poultry.

The study identified multiple AMR genes and mutations in Riemerella anatipestifer, including aac(6')-Ib, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aac(3')-IIc, aac(3')-IV, aph(3')-VII, aph(2')-Ib, bla TEM, bla OXA, tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, sul3, cat2, cmlA, floR, emrF, qnrS, and qnrD. Additionally, mutations in gyrA and parC were found to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, including bla KPC-2, bla KPC-3, bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, ampC, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, armA, rmtB, tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(G), sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA25, dfrA26, dfrA30, oqxA, oqxB, and mgrB, as well as mutations in ompK35, ompK36, gyrA, parC, phoP, phoQ, pmrA, and pmrB, which contribute to resistance against multiple antibiotics.

The study identifies a novel multi-resistance plasmid, pM3362MDR, in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which carries the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B), as well as blaROB-1, sul2, and strA. The plasmid arose through illegitimate recombination between pTetHS016 and pOV.

The study identified tetracycline resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) as the most common in commensal E. coli isolates from cattle farms, along with gene cassettes such as aadA1, dfrA1, dfrA12, sul1, cat1, and floR associated with class 1 integrons.

The study identified several AMR genes and mutations in S. Typhi isolates from Bangladesh, including blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-15, catA1, dfrA7, sul1, sul2, qnrS1, strA, strB, tet(A), tet(B), and mutations in gyrA and parE associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study characterized the resistomes of six carbapenem-resistant pathogens, identifying various carbapenemase genes such as bla KPC-2, bla OXA-48, bla OXA-72, bla NDM-1, bla NDM-7, and bla VIM-1, along with other resistance genes like aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3")-Ib, aph(6)-Id, tet(B), erm(B), mph(A), sul1, sul2, dfrA17, dfrA14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-6, bla OXA-1, bla SHV-200, bla OXA-10, and bla NDM-7.

The study identified multiple ESBL genes, including bla CTX-M-15, several bla SHV, bla TEM-63, and bla OXA-10, along with other AMR genes across diverse lineages of K. pneumoniae isolates from Malawi. No carbapenem resistance genes were detected, but plasmids similar to carbapenem resistance-associated plasmid pNDM-mar were found.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella Choleraesuis isolates, including aadA1, catA1, cmlA1, floR, mph(B), strA, strB, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA1, aph(3')-Ia, lnu(B), and blaTEM-1. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as streptomycin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim, gentamicin, lincomycin, and ampicillin.

The study identified AMR genes sul2, tet(B), and tet39 in Acinetobacter baumannii strains, along with mutations in gyrA and parC associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.

The study identified the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in dog treats in Japan, including the blaTEM gene, aadA1, aadA2, tetB, floR, catA1, dfrA12, and intI1 genes, indicating multidrug resistance.

The study identifies novel AMR genes and mutations in XDR H. parainfluenzae isolates, including catS, mef(E), tet(M), and tet(B) for resistance to chloramphenicol, macrolides, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole, respectively. Mutations in PBP3, GyrA, ParC, ParE, rplD, and DHFR were also found to confer resistance to β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and co-trimoxazole.

The study reports the first clinical case of a KPC-3-producing Klebsiella michiganensis isolate in Europe, highlighting the emergence of this multidrug-resistant pathogen and the significance of molecular diagnostics in identifying novel resistance mechanisms.

The study developed and validated 85 PCR assays to detect 79 AMR genes and mutations associated with resistance across 10 antimicrobial classes, focusing on E. coli. The assays showed high concordance with sequencing and phenotypic susceptibility testing, demonstrating their potential for AMR surveillance in E. coli isolates and direct stool specimens.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in Jordan, including tetA, tetB, int1, sul1, sul2, blaTEM, and cat. These genes were associated with resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfonamides, beta-lactams, and chloramphenicol.

The study identified various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from children and domestic animals in a semirural community in Ecuador. These genes included blaTEM-1B, dfrA8, qnrB19, strA, strB, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, and others, contributing to resistance against multiple antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole. The research highlights the role of plasmids in disseminating these AMR genes and emphasizes the complexity of AMR transmission in such environments.

The study demonstrates that chromosomal antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) can be transferred between Acinetobacter baumannii strains via prophages, highlighting the role of generalized transduction in the spread of resistance.

The study identified bla ctx-M and bla cmy-2 genes as major contributors to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase resistance in E. coli isolates from a constructed wetland dominated by a crow roost. Tetracycline resistance was primarily mediated by tet (A), tet (B), and tet (M), while streptomycin resistance was linked to strA, strB, and aadA. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim resistance was associated with the sul1 gene.

The study identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes including bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1B, qnr S1, dfr A1, aad A1, sul II, tet B, and cat A1 in Shigella isolates. Additionally, novel mutations in gyr A, gyr B, par C, and par E genes were observed, contributing to quinolone resistance.

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, including aadA, strAB, blaTEM, blaCARB, floR, cmlA1, catA1, qnrB19, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, tetA, tetB, tetC, tetG, and mutations in gyrA. These genes and mutations were validated through whole genome sequencing and phenotypic ASTs.

The study identified multiple multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli isolates in feedlot lambs in Brazil, carrying various AMR genes including bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-8, bla CTX-M-14, bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-2, aac(3)-IIa, ant(2")-Ia, qnrB, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, floR, and cmlA. These genes confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and phenicols.

The study identified several AMR genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from Brazil, including qnrE1, qnrB19, qnrS1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-8, blaCMY-2, aadA1, aadA2, aac(3)-IVa, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib, floR, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), strA, strB, drfA1, inu(F), qacEdelta1, and fosA7. These genes conferred resistance to various antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, macrolides, quaternary ammonium compounds, and fosfomycin.

The study identified bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and bla SHV as the primary ESBL genes in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from healthy humans and swine in Northern Thailand. Additionally, several other AMR genes such as sul1, sul2, sul3, aadA22, aph(3')-Ia, strA, strB, aadA2, aadA5, qnrS1, tetA, tetB, tetD, arr2, and mefB were characterized.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes in non-O157 E. coli isolates from cattle fecal samples, including tetA, tetB, blaTEM-1, aadA1, and catA1, which were associated with resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol.

The study confirms the presence and expression of the tet(B) gene in Gram-positive bacteria, specifically in Streptococcus oralis, highlighting its potential as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes.

The study identified several tetracycline, macrolide, aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, mercury, and biocide resistance genes in beef feedlots, catch basin water, soil, and urban sewage influent. Tetracycline resistance was predominant in beef production systems, while urban sewage influent showed a diverse resistome with resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes.

The study identified tetracycline resistance mediated by tetB, ampicillin resistance via blaTEM, and streptomycin resistance through aadA and strpA/strpB genes in E. coli isolates from pastured goats. Mutations in gyrA conferred resistance to nalidixic acid.

The study identified 25 antibiotic resistance genes in Vibrio harveyi 345, including genes for tetracycline (tetm, tetb), fluoroquinolone (qnrs), trimethoprim (dfra17), sulfonamide (sul2), and others, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer in its multidrug resistance.

The study identified blaNDM genes as the primary cause of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from humans, pigs, chickens, and flies in rural China, highlighting the transmission of these resistance genes between humans and backyard animals.

The study characterized the resistome, mobilome, and virulome of 20 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from Pretoria, South Africa. Key findings include the identification of various beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-27, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, blaTEM-1B), aminoglycoside resistance genes (aac(3)-IIa, aac(3)-IId, aac(6')-Ib-cr, mph(A)), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), dihydrofolate reductase genes (dfrA17, dfrA14, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA23), tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B)), chloramphenicol resistance genes (catB3, catA1), and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE.

The study identified tet(A) and tet(B) as tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from pigs, with tet(A) being more prevalent in the antimicrobial group and tet(B) in the non-antimicrobial group.

The study identified several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, including bla OXA-23-like, bla OXA-40-like, bla OXA-51-like, bla VIM, bla PER-1, bla VEB-1, and tetB, which contribute to resistance against carbapenems, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines.

The study identified several antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut of young children in urban Maputo, Mozambique, including aadA1, SHV, ermA, ermB, mefA, tetA, tetB, and others, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.

The study identifies several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and zinc tolerance genes in commensal Escherichia coli from weaned pigs, highlighting the impact of high-dose zinc oxide diets on selecting for resistant strains.

The study identifies several AMR genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from German surface waters, highlighting the presence of clinically relevant resistance mechanisms such as bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-15, mcr-1, and others.

The study identifies several AMR genes, including tetA, tetB, Mel, TolC, and mdtP, which are associated with resistance to tetracyclines and macrolides, and are influenced by drug use in the gut microbiota.