Browse AMR Genes
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature
DNA topoisomerase IV subunit A
Overview
| Protein Change | Nucleotide Change | Mechanism | Organism | Resistance To | Database | Validation Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S80F | reduced the potency of ciprofloxacin, mutations in grlA (Ser80→Phe or Tyr) were most commonly selected with trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or pefloxacin, resistance, confers resistance to fluoroquinolones, mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones, Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. arlettae, S. simulans, S. saprophyticus, S. borealis, S. sciuri, S. hominis, S. pasteuri, S. hyicus | quinolonesciprofloxacinfluoroquinolones+10 more | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed | |
| S80I | DNA topoisomerase GrlA | Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius | enrofloxacinciprofloxacinmoxifloxacin+2 more | Reference Gene CatalogReslit | Confirmed | |
| D84N | - | DNA topoisomerase GrlA | Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus intermedius | enrofloxacinciprofloxacinfluoroquinolones+1 more | Reference Gene CatalogReslit | Confirmed |
| V82L | - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | levofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| S80Y | mutations in grlA (Ser80→Phe or Tyr) were most commonly selected with trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or pefloxacin, Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | fluoroquinolonesnorfloxacinciprofloxacin+6 more | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed | |
| E84G | Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinmoxifloxacinfluoroquinolones+1 more | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed | |
| S80L | - | Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus simulans | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Supported | |
| E84K | - | mutations in grlA (Ser80→Phe or Tyr) were most commonly selected with trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or pefloxacin, mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones, Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinsparfloxacin+3 more | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| G80R | - | - | Staphylococcus hominis | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| A116P | - | Staphylococcus aureus | quinolonesciprofloxacin | Reslit | Supported | |
| A116E | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones, Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | quinolonesfluoroquinolonesciprofloxacin+2 more | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| D69Y | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | quinolonesciprofloxacinlevofloxacin+1 more | Reslit | Candidate |
| A176T | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | quinolonesciprofloxacinlevofloxacin+1 more | Reslit | Candidate |
| T292I | - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | quinolones | Reslit | Candidate |
| S80R | - | DNA topoisomerase GrlA | Staphylococcus coagulans, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus intermedius | enrofloxacinfluoroquinolonesquinolones | Reference Gene CatalogReslit | Confirmed |
| S80G | - | - | Staphylococcus coagulans | ciprofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| I45M | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones, Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| C239A | - | - | Staphylococcus epidermidis | fluoroquinolones | Reslit | Candidate |
| V96A | - | resistance to quinolones and quinazolinediones without disrupting the water-metal ion bridge | Bacillus anthracis | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| S81F | - | enhances single-stranded DNA cleavage and suppresses double-stranded DNA breaks | Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli | fluoroquinolonesciprofloxacin | Reslit | Supported |
| T81I | - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | fluoroquinolones | Reslit | Candidate |
| R85Q | - | - | - | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| E422D | - | - | - | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| P451L | - | - | - | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| V694M | - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | fluoroquinolones | Reslit | Candidate |
| E84A | - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | fluoroquinolones | Reslit | Candidate |
| A116V | - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | fluoroquinolones | Reslit | Candidate |
| E84L | - | - | - | fluoroquinolones | Reslit | Candidate |
| Y80H | - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | levofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| S144P | - | - | - | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| E85K | - | disrupts the water-metal ion bridge | Bacillus anthracis | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| S143P | - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| K23N | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| V41G | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones, Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| R43C | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| A48T | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones, Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | ResFinder DatabaseReslit | Confirmed |
| S52R | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| G78C | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| S81P | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| H103Y | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| P157L | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| N327K | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| P451S | - | mutations result in the synthesis of proteins with reduced susceptibility or insensitivity to fluoroquinolones | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacinlevofloxacinmoxifloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
| Y83N | - | Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacin | ResFinder Database | Established |
| E84V | - | Target modification | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacin | ResFinder Database | Established |
| D84G | - | DNA topoisomerase GrlA | Staphylococcus intermedius | quinolones | Reference Gene Catalog | Established |
| D84H | - | DNA topoisomerase GrlA | Staphylococcus intermedius | quinolones | Reference Gene Catalog | Established |
| D84Y | - | DNA topoisomerase GrlA | Staphylococcus intermedius | quinolones | Reference Gene Catalog | Established |
| - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate | |
| - | - | Staphylococcus aureus | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate | |
| S84L | - | Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus simulans | ciprofloxacin | Reslit | Candidate |
Quinolone resistance in Staphylococci: activities of new nonfluorinated quinolones against molecular targets in whole cells and clinical isolates.
Research Article
Mutations promoted from gene entry 'grlA' (model emitted mutations_found inside genes).
Efficacies of moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin against experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus expressing various degrees of ciprofloxacin resistance.
Research Article
Target preference of 15 quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus, based on antibacterial activities and target inhibition.
Research Article
Bactericidal activities of BMS-284756, a novel Des-F(6)-quinolone, against Staphylococcus aureus strains with topoisomerase mutations.
Research Article
Characterization of new staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and topoisomerase genes in fluoroquinolone- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
Research Article
grlA
Skin lesion caused by ST398 and ST1 MRSA, Spain.
Research Article
Impact of recA on levofloxacin exposure-related resistance development.
Research Article
A point mutation (S80F) was encoded in grlA, despite exhibiting a susceptible phenotype.
In vitro and in vivo profiles of ACH-702, an isothiazoloquinolone, against bacterial pathogens.
Research Article
Mutations in grlA (Ser80Phe, Ser80Tyr, Ser80Phe Glu84Lys) lead to fluoroquinolone resistance.
Phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Tehran.
Research Article
Variety of Antimicrobial Resistances and Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Meat Products Legally and Illegally Introduced to Germany.
Research Article
Genomic and Long-Term Transcriptomic Imprints Related to the Daptomycin Mechanism of Action Occurring in Daptomycin- and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Under Daptomycin Exposure.
Research Article
Mutations in grlA gene leading to reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones
A platform for detecting cross-resistance in antibacterial drug discovery.
Research Article
Clonal Lineages, Antimicrobial Resistance, and PVL Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus Associated to Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections from Ambulatory Patients in Portugal.
Research Article
Combination therapy delays antimicrobial resistance after adaptive laboratory evolution of Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Mutations in grlA were associated with moderate ciprofloxacin resistance
Activities of trovafloxacin compared with those of other fluoroquinolones against purified topoisomerases and gyrA and grlA mutants of Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Induction of fibronectin-binding proteins and increased adhesion of quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by subinhibitory levels of ciprofloxacin.
Research Article
A sequence variant of Staphylococcus hominis with a high prevalence of oxacillin and fluoroquinolone resistance.
Research Article
Sequence variation in grlA was associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.
Dual targeting of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV: target interactions of garenoxacin (BMS-284756, T-3811ME), a new desfluoroquinolone.
Research Article
Efficacy of garenoxacin in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus or viridans group streptococci.
Research Article
Evolution of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Environments
Research Article
Mutation detected in grlA QRDR
Pharmacodynamic modeling of the evolution of levofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Mutation in grlA confers resistance to levofloxacin.
Exploring the contribution of efflux on the resistance to fluoroquinolones in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Levofloxacin resistance (and not tested for ciprofloxacin) in combination with gyrA_1_CP031265.1_S84L,gyrA_1_CP031265.1_E88L,grlA_1_CP026964.1_S80Y
A novel approach to associate genes and mutations with drug resistance phenotypes by comparative analysis of fully sequenced bacterial strains
Research Article
Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Human, Chicken and Environmental Samples within Live Bird Markets in Three Nigerian Cities.
Research Article
Genome-Wide Association Studies for the Detection of Genetic Variants Associated With Daptomycin and Ceftaroline Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
This mutation is associated with ceftaroline resistance in S. aureus.
associated with ceftaroline resistance
Phenotypic and Molecular Traits of Staphylococcus coagulans Associated with Canine Skin Infections in Portugal.
Research Article
Genomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bacteremia reveals genetic features associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Research Article
The circulation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between humans, horses and the environment at the equine clinic.
Research Article
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from human milk of asymptomatic women or women with acute mastitis.
Research Article
Mechanisms and frequency of resistance to gatifloxacin in comparison to AM-1121 and ciprofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
mutations in grlA contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance
In vitro activities of novel nonfluorinated quinolones PGE 9262932 and PGE 9509924 against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae with defined mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
Research Article
Mutations in grlA are associated with quinolone resistance.
Use of a three-dimensional microarray system for detection of levofloxacin resistance and the mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Activity of gatifloxacin in an in vitro pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model against Staphylococcus aureus strains either susceptible to ciprofloxacin or exhibiting various levels and mechanisms of ciprofloxacin resistance.
Research Article
A genomic portrait of the emergence, evolution, and global spread of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pandemic.
Research Article
Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus epidermidis from prosthetic-joint infections and nares highlights genetic traits associated with antimicrobial resistance, not virulence.
Research Article
Implanted Port Catheter System Infection Caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ST71-SCCmec type III.
Research Article
Virulence Determinants in Staphylococcus aureus Clones Causing Osteomyelitis in Italy.
Research Article
Dissecting the genetic features and evolution of Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 88: a global perspective.
Research Article
Present in most quinolone-resistant ST88 strains.
Bacillus anthracis GrlAV96A topoisomerase IV, a quinolone resistance mutation that does not affect the water-metal ion bridge.
Research Article
The V96A mutation in GrlA of Bacillus anthracis topoisomerase IV confers resistance to quinolones and quinazolinediones without disrupting the water-metal ion bridge.
Transmission and microevolution of USA300 MRSA in U.S. households: evidence from whole-genome sequencing.
Research Article
Single-molecule sequencing reveals the molecular basis of multidrug-resistance in ST772 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Bimodal Actions of a Naphthyridone/Aminopiperidine-Based Antibacterial That Targets Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV.
Research Article
Mutation in GrlA (S81F) confers resistance to fluoroquinolones.
Characterization of the First mecA-Positive Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from an Argentinian Patient.
Research Article
A Comparative Phenotypic and Genomic Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST45 Isolates From Cellulitis and Osteomyelitis in Taiwan.
Research Article
Detected only in OM-MRSA strains
Y-688, a new quinolone active against quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: lack of in vivo efficacy in experimental endocarditis.
Research Article
Mutation in grlA was associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.
Phylogenomics of Staphylococcus aureus CC5: Evolution, Resistance, and Virulence
Research Article
associated with fluoroquinolone resistance
Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes profiling and molecular relatedness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospitalized patients in Guangdong Province, China.
Research Article
Genomic characterization of two community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with novel sequence types in Kenya.
Research Article
Molecular Basis of Non-β-Lactam Antibiotics Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
Review
Mutations in grlA contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.
Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health.
Review
In Vitro and In Vivo Properties of CUO246, a Novel Bacterial DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase IV Inhibitor.
Research Article
Intra-host variation of genetic lineages or AMR genotypes of CoPS
Research Article
Mutation in DNA gyrase subunit A leading to fluoroquinolone resistance
Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
Research Article
Genomic Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 Isolates Collected from Diseased Swine in the German National Resistance Monitoring Program GERM-Vet from 2007 to 2019.
Research Article
Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ΨUSA300 among Japanese people with HIV, resulted from stepwise mutations in 2010s.
Research Article
Fluoroquinolone resistance does not facilitate phage Φ13 integration or excision in Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Genomic alterations involved in fluoroquinolone resistance development in Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Antimicrobial resistance and clonality of Staphylococcus aureus causing bacteraemia in children admitted to the Manhiça District Hospital, Mozambique, over two decades.
Research Article
Recombination-mediated dissemination of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus clonal complex 1 in the Egyptian health care settings.
Research Article
associated with CC8 and CC361 isolates
Genetic Determinants in MRSA Carriage and Their Association with Decolonization Outcome.
Research Article
Comparative genomics and drug resistance of a geographic variant of ST239 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged in Russia.
Research Article
Mutation in grlA gene leads to levofloxacin resistance.
Topoisomerase IV-quinolone interactions are mediated through a water-metal ion bridge: mechanistic basis of quinolone resistance.
Research Article
Mutation E85K reduces ciprofloxacin potency by disrupting the water-metal ion bridge.
Novel pseudo-staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (ψSCCmec57395) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius CC45.
Research Article
Prophage-Mediated Disruption of Genetic Competence in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
Research Article
Mutations in GrlA contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance.
Global Evolution of Pathogenic Bacteria With Extensive Use of Fluoroquinolone Agents.
Research Article
The Antimicrobial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Niosomes against Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Efflux pump activity potentiates the evolution of antibiotic resistance across S. aureus isolates.
Research Article
Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
Review
Investigation of In Vitro Susceptibility and Resistance Mechanisms in Skin Pathogens: Perspectives for Fluoroquinolone Therapy in Canine Pyoderma.
Research Article
Antimicrobial Resistance in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Resistome, Mobiloome, and Relatedness
Research Article
Mutation in grlA contributes to ciprofloxacin resistance in some CoNS isolates.
Characterization of grlA, grlB, gyrA, and gyrB mutations in 116 unrelated isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and effects of mutations on ciprofloxacin MIC.
Research Article
Susceptibility and resistance genes to fluoroquinolones in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in 2002.
Research Article
Characterization of gyrA, gyrB, grlA and grlB mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Extended spectrum of quinolone resistance, even to a potential latter third-generation agent, as a result of a minimum of two GrlA and two GyrA alterations in quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Topoisomerase mutations that are associated with high-level resistance to earlier fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus aureus have less effect on the antibacterial activity of besifloxacin.
Research Article
Levofloxacin resistance (and not tested for ciprofloxacin) in combination with gyrA_1_CP031265.1_S84L,gyrA_1_CP031265.1_E88L,grlA_1_CP026964.1_S80Y
Emerging multiple mutations and high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ocular infections.
Research Article
Levofloxacin resistance (and not tested for ciprofloxacin) in combination with gyrA_1_CP031265.1_S84L,gyrA_1_CP031265.1_E88L,grlA_1_CP026964.1_S80Y
Mechanisms and frequency of resistance to premafloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus: novel mutations suggest novel drug-target interactions.
Research Article
Inhibitory activities of vitamins K2 against clinical isolates of quinolone-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (QR-MRSA) with different multi-locus sequence types (MLST), SCCmec, and spa types.
Research Article
Healthcare- and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Fatal Pneumonia with Pediatric Deaths in Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Russia: Unique MRSA's Multiple Virulence Factors, Genome, and Stepwise Evolution.
Research Article
Outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 1, spa type t1784, in an equine hospital in Japan.
Research Article
Clade-specific adaptation and global spread of Staphylococcus aureus ST188 with emergence of a multidrug-resistant MRSA sublineage.
Research Article
Fluoroquinolone resistance mutation
Skin Infections Caused by Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in Child, Japan.
Research Article
Epidemiology of the Staphylococcus aureus CA-MRSA USA300 in Belgium.
Research Article
Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
Research Article
Evolution and Global Transmission of a Multidrug-Resistant, Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Lineage from the Indian Subcontinent.
Research Article
The grlA S80Y mutation was fixed in ST772-A2 and -A3.
S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus lineages with transmission ability circulate as causative agents of infections in pets for years.
Research Article
Detected in ciprofloxacin-resistant SP isolates
Topoisomerase sequences of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin or trovafloxacin.
Research Article
Mutations in grlA codons 80 and 84 associated with ciprofloxacin resistance.