Browse AMR Genes

Explore antimicrobial resistance genes from the literature

pbp2

penicillin-binding protein

NCBI Pathogen Isolates

Bacterial genomes carrying this gene

NCBI Reference Gene Catalog

Known alleles and reference sequences

Protein entries specific to pbp2

Browse AMR rules for pbp2

Validation StatusSupported

Overview

Mechanism: resistance to carbapenems when expressed at low levels
Validation Method: sequencing and comparison with other strains
Drug Classes: Carbapenem, Beta-lactams, Oxacillin, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin, Polymyxin b, Ceftaroline, Cephalosporin, Penicillin, Cefoxitin, Ceftazidime-avibactam, Beta-lactam, Cefixime|Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin, Oxacillin|Cefoxitin|Penicillin, Dalbavancin|Teicoplanin, Cefoxitin|Penicillin|Cephalosporin|Carbapenem, Carbapenem|Cephalosporin, Ceftazidime|Ceftriaxone, Ceftriaxone|Cefixime, Ceftobiprole|Ceftriaxone|Cefazolin|Nafcillin|Ampicillin, Dalbavancin, CEPHALOSPORIN, Meropenem
Organisms: Acinetobacter baumannii A118, Laribacter hongkongensis, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Arcobacter butzleri 55, Helicobacter pylori, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Rothia nasimurium, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Treponema pallidum, Salmonella enterica
Geographic Location: Argentina, Bronx, New York, China, China|Xinjiang, Europe|Russia +3 more
Alleles: 4
Papers: 53
Databases: Reslit
Mutations: 64

Mutations

Protein Change	Nucleotide Change	Mechanism	Organism	Resistance To	Database	Validation Status
S569A	-	Target modification, penicillin-binding protein PBP2	Staphylococcus aureus	CefoxitinCEPHALOSPORIN	Reference Gene CatalogResFinder Database	Confirmed
L421P	-	-	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Ceftriaxone	Reslit	Candidate
I312M	-	single resistance variant, lower affinity for ceftriaxone and restrict conformational changes that normally accompany acylation

Allele Variants4

Allele	Database	Papers	Drug Classes	Organisms	Countries	Years	Sequence Accession	Protein Accession
pbp2	Reslit	11	Carbapenem, Beta-lactams +7	Acinetobacter baumannii A118 +8	Argentina, Hong Kong, Japan\|Australia\|Sweden\|France\|Spain, Bronx, New York, Europe\|Russia, China\|Xinjiang, China	2011, 2013, 2015, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2025	AEOW00000000	-
pbp	Reslit	2	Beta-lactams	Arcobacter butzleri 55 +1	shellfish	2019, 2023	QXMK00000000\|QXNB0000000	-
pb	Reslit	1	Polymyxin b	Acinetobacter baumannii	-	2021	-	-
PBP2	Reslit	3	Carbapenem, Beta-lactams +1	Klebsiella pneumoniae +5	China\|Xinjiang	2024, 2025, 2026	JAYWIX000000000\|CP056080	-

Papers53

1

Genomic analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii A118 by comparison of optical maps: identification of structures related to its susceptibility phenotype.

PMID 21282446 · 2011

The study identifies the absence of the AbaR-type resistance island and the tet(A) gene in Acinetobacter baumannii A118, which may explain its susceptibility to various antibiotics. It also characterizes genes such as cat, bla_ADC, bla_OXA-51-like, carO, and pbp2, which are involved in resistance to chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and other antibiotics.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: resistance to carbapenems when expressed at low levels
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii A118
Geographic Location: Argentina
Validation Method: sequencing and comparison with other strains
Sequence Accession: AEOW00000000

2

Virulence determinants, drug resistance and mobile genetic elements of Laribacter hongkongensis: a genome-wide analysis.

PMID 21711902 · 2011

The study identifies several β-lactam resistance genes, including ampC, lacA, pbp2, pbp3, pbp4a, pbp6a, and pbp7, as well as multidrug efflux pumps such as acrAB-tolC, acrAD-tolC, mdtABC-tolC, emrAB-tolC, mexAB-oprM, and others. Additionally, genes like bacA, ksgA, crcB, and rarD are implicated in resistance to bacitracin, kasugamycin, streptomycin, camphor, and chloramphenicol, respectively.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Beta-lactams
Organisms Tested In: • Laribacter hongkongensis
Geographic Location: Hong Kong
Validation Method: genomic analysis
Sequence Accession: CP002115

3

Exposure of clinical MRSA heterogeneous strains to β-lactams redirects metabolism to optimize energy production through the TCA cycle.

PMID 23940684 · 2013

The study identifies genes involved in the metabolic adaptation of MRSA strains under β-lactam pressure, highlighting the role of the TCA cycle and specific genes like mecA, citB, citZ, acsA, pbp2, and femA in mediating resistance to oxacillin.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin binding protein 2
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Oxacillin
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Validation Method: microarray analysis and real-time RT-PCR

4

Current and future antimicrobial treatment of gonorrhoea - the rapidly evolving Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to challenge.

PMID 26293005 · 2015

The paper discusses the emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, highlighting mutations in penA, mtrR, and penB genes that contribute to resistance. These mutations alter penicillin-binding protein 2, increase efflux pump activity, and reduce drug uptake, respectively.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein 2
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: mutation leading to reduced affinity for β-lactam antibiotics
Confers Resistance To: CefiximeCeftriaxone
Organisms Tested In: • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Geographic Location: Japan|Australia|Sweden|France|Spain
Validation Method: experimental validation via MIC testing and sequencing

5

Spermine and oxacillin stress response on the cell wall synthesis and the global gene expression analysis in Methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID 30229508 · 2019

The study identifies a mutation in the pbpB gene that leads to decreased transpeptidase activity and affects cell wall synthesis in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This mutation contributes to spermine resistance and the loss of spermine-beta-lactam synergy.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: mutated pbp2 gene leads to decreased transpeptidase activity, affecting cell wall synthesis
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Validation Method: genome re-sequencing and cell wall composition analysis

6

Genomic Characterization of Arcobacter butzleri Isolated From Shellfish: Novel Insight Into Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Determinants.

PMID 31057492 · 2019

The study identified several antibiotic resistance genes in Arcobacter butzleri strains isolated from shellfish, including genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and macrolides.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp
Encodes: Beta-lactam-inducible penicillin-binding protein
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Beta-lactams
Organisms Tested In: • Arcobacter butzleri 55
Geographic Location: shellfish
Validation Method: genomic analysis
Sequence Accession: QXMK00000000|QXNB0000000

7

Helicobacter pylori Infections in the Bronx, New York: Surveying Antibiotic Susceptibility and Strain Lineage by Whole-Genome Sequencing.

PMID 31801839 · 2020

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in H. pylori isolates, including 23S rRNA mutations for clarithromycin resistance, gyrA mutations for levofloxacin resistance, pbp1, pbp2, and pbp3 mutations for amoxicillin resistance, rdxA mutations for metronidazole resistance, 16S rRNA mutations for tetracycline resistance, and rpoB mutations for rifampin resistance.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein 2
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Amoxicillin
Organisms Tested In: • Helicobacter pylori
Geographic Location: Bronx, New York
Validation Method: whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic Etest
Sequence Accession: PRJNA566177

8

In vitro and in vivo Activity of Combinations of Polymyxin B with Other Antimicrobials Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

PMID 34764660 · 2021

Polymyxin B (PB) showed 100% sensitivity against ten carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains. PB combined with other antibiotics exhibited synergistic effects, particularly with rifampicin (RIF).

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pb
Encodes: polymyxin B
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Polymyxin b
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii
Validation Method: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination

9

WYBQ-4: a New Bactericidal Agent against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID 36098533 · 2022

WYBQ-4 is a new bactericidal agent with potent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), including PBP1, PBP2, PBP3, PBP4, and PBP2a, and interferes with cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell death.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein 2
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Beta-lactams
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Validation Method: competition fluorescence gel assay and bocillin assay

10

In Silico Genome-Scale Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to the Development of a Persistent Infection with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST239.

PMID 36555727 · 2022

The study identified specific amino acid substitutions in PBP2 and PBP2a that confer resistance to ceftaroline in the MRSA ST239 strain SA943.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein 2
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: amino acid substitution
Confers Resistance To: Ceftaroline
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Geographic Location: Europe|Russia
Validation Method: experimental validation
Sequence Accession: QLNS00000000|PRJNA476233

11

A conserved zinc-binding site in Acinetobacter baumannii PBP2 required for elongasome-directed bacterial cell shape.

PMID 36787358 · 2023

Mutations in the zinc-binding site of PBP2 in Acinetobacter baumannii result in decreased susceptibility to carbapenems and cephalosporins.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein 2
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: structural alteration affecting peptidoglycan synthesis
Organisms Tested In: • Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978
• Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606
Validation Method: antibiotic resistance assays and western blot analysis

12

Detecting patterns of accessory genome coevolution in Staphylococcus aureus using data from thousands of genomes.

PMID 37296404 · 2023

The study identifies coevolving genes in Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting interactions among antibiotic resistance genes, mobile genetic elements, and virulence factors. Key findings include the coevolution of beta-lactam resistance genes (blaZ, blaI, blaR1), metal resistance genes (cadA, cadC, copB, mco), and plasmid replication genes (repD, repE, repN, pre).

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Beta-lactams
Organisms Tested In: • Staphylococcus aureus
Validation Method: coevolution score analysis

13

Potential involvement of beta-lactamase homologous proteins in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria of the ESKAPEE group.

PMID 38778284 · 2024

The study identifies and characterizes beta-lactamase homologous proteins in gram-negative bacteria of the ESKAPEE group, highlighting their potential role in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: PBP2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Carbapenem
Organisms Tested In: • Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Acinetobacter baumannii
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Escherichia coli
• Enterobacter spp.
Validation Method: association with resistance phenotypes and phylogenetic analysis

14

Virulence and resistance gene analysis of Rothia nasimurium by whole gene sequencing.

PMID 40148435 · 2025

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Rothia nasimurium Y1, including vanA, vanC, vanB, vanE, vanD, vanG, vanF, vanM, vanL, vanO, vanN, mtrA, vanRA, arlR, vanRI, vanRB, vanRC, vanRD, vanRF, vanRG, CpxR, kdpE, vanRM, vanRN, baeR, adeR, vanRL, smeR, gyrA, gyrB, parC, Mfd, mfd, PBP2, PBP2x, EF-Tu, dfrE, pncA, tetB(P), tetQ, tet44, tetT, tetW, tetS, tetM, tetO, otr(A), tet36, tet32, clbC, clbB, clbA, cipA, cfrA, cfrC, sul3, ParY, murA, cls, and ileS, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as glycopeptides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, phenicols, macrolides, and others.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: PBP2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein 2
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Beta-lactams
Organisms Tested In: • Rothia nasimurium
Geographic Location: China|Xinjiang
Validation Method: genome sequencing
Sequence Accession: JAYWIX000000000|CP056080

15

Virulence and resistance gene analysis of Rothia nasimurium by whole gene sequencing.

PMID 40148435 · 2025

The study identified multiple AMR genes in Rothia nasimurium Y1, including vanA, vanC, vanB, vanE, vanD, vanG, vanF, vanM, vanL, vanO, vanN, mtrA, vanRA, arlR, vanRI, vanRB, vanRC, vanRD, vanRF, vanRG, CpxR, kdpE, vanRM, vanRN, baeR, adeR, vanRL, smeR, gyrA, gyrB, parC, Mfd, mfd, PBP2, PBP2x, EF-Tu, dfrE, pncA, tetB(P), tetQ, tet44, tetT, tetW, tetS, tetM, tetO, otr(A), tet36, tet32, clbC, clbB, clbA, cipA, cfrA, cfrC, sul3, ParY, murA, cls, and ileS, which confer resistance to various antibiotics such as glycopeptides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, phenicols, macrolides, and others.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein 2
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Cephalosporin
Organisms Tested In: • Rothia nasimurium
Geographic Location: China|Xinjiang
Validation Method: genome sequencing and mutation analysis
Sequence Accession: JAYWIX000000000|CP056080

16

Genome analysis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain APPFJLYC01 reveals multidrug resistance and high virulence potential.

PMID 41237104 · 2025

The study identified 10 antibiotic resistance genes in the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain APPFJLYC01, including genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotic classes such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: pbp2
Encodes: Penicillin-binding protein
Source Database: Reslit
Mechanism: PBP modification
Confers Resistance To: Penicillin
Organisms Tested In: • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Geographic Location: China
Validation Method: Genome analysis
Sequence Accession: CP000687|CP022715|CP029003|CP000569

17

Effect of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis duration for colic surgery on complications and resistome.

PMID 41369016 · 2026

The study found that extending surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis beyond 24 hours did not increase postoperative complications but led to a higher abundance of beta-lactam resistance genes, including TEM, BlaZ, SHV, CfxA, and PBP2, as well as aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes like AAC(6'), ANT(3"), ANT(6), APH(2"), APH(3'), APH(3"), and APH(6) in the fecal resistome of horses.

Gene Information

Gene Name: pbp2
Allele: PBP2
Encodes: penicillin-binding protein
Source Database: Reslit
Confers Resistance To: Penicillin
Validation Method: shotgun metagenomic sequencing