Key Findings

The study identifies multiple AMR genes and mutations in ertapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST45 isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla DHA-1, bla SHV-98, bla TEM-1), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (aph(3’)-lb, aph(6)-ld), sulfonamide resistance (sul1, sul2), and efflux pumps (oqxA, oqxB). Mutations in porin genes ompK36 and ompK37, as well as in the efflux regulator acrR and DNA gyrase subunit gyrA, contribute to carbapenem and fluoroquinolone resistance.