Key Findings

The study identified QRDR mutations in gyrA and parC, as well as the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene, class 1 and class 2 integrons, and various resistance genes including blaTEM-1, catA1, dfrA1, dfrA17, aadA1, aadA5, strA, tet, and aphA1-Ia in ETEC strains, contributing to multidrug resistance.