Key Findings

The study identified multiple carbapenemase genes, including bla NDM-5, bla NDM-1, and bla OXA-232, as well as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases like bla CTX-M-15. Mutations in porin genes ompK36 and ompK37, and regulatory genes acrR and ramR, were associated with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and tigecycline.