Key Findings

The study identified various AMR genes and mutations in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, including beta-lactamases (bla TEM-1, bla OXA-1, bla CTX-M-15), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA1a, aadA4, aadA5, aph(6')-Id, aph(3')-Ia), and quinolone resistance mutations (gyrA S83L/D87N, parC S80I/E84V). These genes and mutations were validated through whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic testing.