Key Findings

The study found that clinical and hospital sewage isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae had a higher number of AMR genes compared to livestock isolates, suggesting that AMR is more prevalent in human-associated settings. Several beta-lactamase genes, including blaCTX-M, blaNDM, blaKPC, and blaOXA-48, were detected in clinical isolates, contributing to resistance against carbapenems and other antibiotics. Other AMR genes such as qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib, aadA, ermB, mefA, tet(A), mph(A), cat, cfr, vanA, mcr-1, fosA, sul1, and dfrA1 were also identified, highlighting the diversity of resistance mechanisms in K. pneumoniae.