Key Findings

The study identified multiple beta-lactamase genes, including bla SHV, bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1B, and bla OXA-1, as well as a variety of other resistance genes such as aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aadA1, qnrB1, qnrB4, qnrB2, qnrB19, sul2, sul1, dfrA14, dfrA15, OqxA, OqxB, fosA, qacE, tetA, and tetD. Mutations in ompK36 and ompK37 were also found to contribute to reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins and carbapenems.